AP psychology chapter 18 (social psychology)

Vocab for chapter 18 social psychology

social psychology

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

attribution theory

suggests how we explain someone’s behavior

(either by crediting the situation or person’s qualities)

fundamental attribution error

tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal qualities

attitude

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a certain way to objects, people, and events

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

tendency for people who agreed to a small request to later agree with a larger request

cognitive dissonance theory

theory that we act to reduce our discomfort, changing our thoughts to match our behavior

conformity

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinion about reality

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in presences of others

social loafing

tendency for people in a group to put less effort in a task they are all doing together

deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that fosters AROUSAL and ANONYMITY

group polarization

the tendency that people in groups tend to do more extreme things then they would by themselves

groupthink

mode of thinking that makes people think collectively as a group instead of being creative

prejudice

unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members, generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a feeling to discriminate

stereotype

generalized, (sometimes overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people or person

ingroup

Us, people whom share one common identity

outgroup

Them, those that are perceived as different from the group

ingroup bias

tendency to favor one’s own group

scapegoat theory

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by PROVIDING someone to blame

just-world phenomenon

tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

frustration-aggression principle

frustration creates anger, which generates aggression

conflict

a serious disagreement or argument

social trap

situation where conflicting parties, are mindlessly driven by their own self-interest that they create mutually destructive behavior

mere exposure effect

phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

passionate love

intense emotion toward the other person as well as strong sexual attraction. (usually at the start of the relationship)

companionate love

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whom we intertwined our lives with.

equity

how people view their relationship in what they give in it and what they get back from it

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

altruism

unselfish regard for the well being of others

bystander effect

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to step in if there are other bystanders around

social exchange theory

theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, where we aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs

reciprocity norm

expectation that people will help and not hurt those who have helped them

social-responsibility norm

expectation that people will help those that are dependent on them

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction, strategy designed to decrease international tensions