Pre-Islamic Middle East Major Civilizations & Languages: Mesopotamians (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians) – Spoke Sumerian, Akkadian (late

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43 Terms

1

Mesopotamians

Civilizations consisting of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians who spoke Sumerian and Akkadian.

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2

Persians

Civilizations including Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanid Empires that spoke Old and Middle Persian.

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3

Romans/Byzantines

Civilization that spoke Latin and Greek.

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4

Arabian Peninsula

Region where Arabic and Aramaic were spoken.

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5

Egyptians

Civilization that spoke Coptic, derived from Ancient Egyptian.

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6

Judaism

Monotheistic religion that influenced Islam, with strong communities in Arabia.

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7

Christianity

Monotheistic religion that became dominant in the Byzantine Empire and influenced Islam.

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8

Great Schism

The division of Christianity in 1054 into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.

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9

Byzantine Empire

An empire that preserved Greek and Roman knowledge and interacted with early Islam.

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10

Mecca

Religious and trade center, home of the Kaaba, and birthplace of Muhammad.

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11

Muhammad

The founder of Islam and the last prophet who unified Arabia under Islam.

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12

Kaaba

A sacred structure in Mecca, center of Islamic worship, originally housed idols.

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13

Rightly Guided Caliphs

The first four leaders after Muhammad's death, crucial in the early expansion of Islam.

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14

Abu Bakr

The first caliph who unified Arabia and began the Islamic expansion.

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15

Umar

The second caliph who expanded Islamic territory into Persia and Byzantine lands.

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16

Uthman

The third caliph who standardized the Quran and faced opposition leading to his assassination.

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17

Ali

The fourth caliph who faced the First Fitna and was assassinated.

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18

Quran

The final revelation to humanity, providing spiritual, moral, and legal guidance in Islam.

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19

Umayyad Dynasty

An Islamic dynasty known for its territorial expansion and later overthrown by the Abbasids.

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20

Sunni

Muslims who believe the caliph should be chosen by consensus (majority).

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21

Shia

Muslims who believe only Muhammad’s descendants should rule.

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22

Abbasid Caliphate

An Islamic caliphate known for its Golden Age marked by advancements in various fields.

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23

House of Wisdom

A center in Baghdad for advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy during the Abbasid Golden Age.

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24

Ottoman Empire

A major Islamic empire founded by Osman I, expanded into Europe and the Middle East.

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25

Siege of Vienna

The battle in 1683 that halted Ottoman expansion into Europe.

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26

Tanzimat Movement

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization and legal equality.

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27

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman troops originally formed from Christian boys converted to Islam.

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28

Iranian History

The historical narrative of Iran, especially after the Mongol invasion in 1258.

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29

Constitutional Movement in Iran

A movement that led to the formation of the first Iranian constitution and parliament.

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30

Sykes-Picot Agreement

The 1916 secret deal between Britain and France to divide Ottoman lands.

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31

Balfour Declaration

The 1917 British statement supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

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32

Mustafa Atatürk

The founder of modern Turkey who introduced secular reforms and abolished the caliphate.

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33

Short Answers

Exam format that includes defining key terms and concepts.

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34

Essays

Exam format requiring detailed responses about specific historical questions.

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35

Civil War (First Fitna)

A conflict that arose following the assassination of the caliph Ali.

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36

Arabia

A region unified under Islam largely due to Muhammad's leadership.

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37

Coptic

The language derived from Ancient Egyptian, spoken by Egyptians.

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38

Algebra

A branch of mathematics advanced during the Abbasid Golden Age.

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39

Medina

City in Arabia that housed strong communities of Judaism before the rise of Islam.

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40

Ecclesiastical Authority

The spiritual authority held by church leaders, significant in the context of the Great Schism.

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41

Cleansing of Kaaba

The act by Muhammad to remove idols from the Kaaba, establishing it as a monotheistic site.

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42

Cultural Exchange

Interaction between civilizations, notably during the Byzantine Empire and early Islam.

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43

Sassanid Empire

One of the Persian empires that played a significant role prior to the rise of Islam.

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