Human Systems Review

Flashcards for Human Systems Review

Gallbladder

Organ that stores bile produced by the liver.

Mouth

First site of mechanical and chemical digestion.

Salivary glands

Produce saliva to aid in digestion.

Pharynx

The section of the alimentary canal that leads from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus.

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Rectum

The final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

Enzyme

A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Substrate

Substance on which an enzyme acts.

Enzyme Inhibitor

A molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

Competitive Inhibitor

Competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of the enzyme.

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Binds to a location on the enzyme other than the active site, causing a change in the enzyme's shape and reducing its ability to bind to the substrate.

Hexoses

Simple sugars with the formula C6H12O6, including glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Pentoses

Sugars with five carbon atoms.

Disaccharide

A type of carbohydrate where two monosaccharides are joined together with a loss of water.

Maltose

glucose + glucose.

Sucrose

glucose + fructose.

Lactose

glucose + galactose.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides Examples

Examples: glycogen, starch, cellulose.

Primary Protein Structure

The sequence of a chain of amino acids.

Secondary Protein Structure

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern (alpha helix, pleated sheet).

Tertiary Protein Structure

Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.

Quaternary Protein Structure

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

Glycerol

A simple lipid molecule.

Triglyceride

A type of simple lipid that contain 3 fatty acid chains.

Benedicts Test

Test for sugars.

Biurets Test

Test for proteins.

Iodine Test

Test for starch.

Sudan IV/Brown Paper Test

Test for lipids.

Starch & Other Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates broken down here.

Protein

Proteins broken down here.

Lipids

Lipids broken down here.

Aorta

Main artery of the body.

Pulmonary artery

Carries blood from the heart to the lungs.

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Pulmonary veins

Return oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs.

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Tricuspid valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle.

Bicuspid valve

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.

Right ventricle

Pumps blood to the lungs.

Left ventricle

Pumps blood to the body.

Red Blood Cell

Used to carry oxygen.

White Blood Cell

Used to fight infection.

Platelets

Helps make blood clots.

120/80

Normal blood pressure.

Systolic

Contraction pressure.

Diastolic

Relaxation pressure.

1st Line of Defense

Goal is to prevent things from entering the body. Non-specific.

2nd Line of Defense

Engulf and destroy as much as you can. Inflammatory response. Non-specific.

3rd Line of Defense

Use lymphocytes to destroy specific invaders. Specific.

Helper T cells

Identify foreign invading substances.

B cells

Produce antibodies.

Killer T cells

Puncture cell membranes of infected cells which kills the cell.

Suppressor T cells

Turns off the immune respons.

Memory B cells

Retain information about the shape of an antigen.

Alveoli

Air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Diaphragm

Muscle that contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney.

Regulation: ADH

Hypothalamus detects higher concentration of solutes in blood, Posterior pituitary releases more ADH; kidneys reabsorb more water.

Types of Muscle Cells

Skeletal muscle; cardiac muscle; smooth muscle.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Region within a muscle cell where calcium is stored.

Troponin

Exposes myosin-binding sites on the actin filament.