Patho quiz 4

Cancer in epithelial tissue

Carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Cancer in connective tissue and muscle

Sarcoma

Cancer in nerve tissue

Glioma

Cytoma

Cancer in lymphoid tissue

Lymphoma

Cancer in Hematopoietic tissue

Leukemia

Myeloma

98% of prostate cancer is

Adenocarcinoma

2nd most common cause of cancer dead in men in US

Prostate Cancer

Incidence of prostate cancer

1 in 5 men over 50 years old

Risk factors of Prostate Cancer

African American

Over 60

Family history

Agent orange exposure

Alcohol abuse

High fat diet

PSA screening stands for

Prostate Specific Antigen

Symptoms of prostate cancer

Difficulty urinating

Lower back/pelvis pain once cancer has spread

Treatment of Prostate Cancer: early stage

Surgery

Radiation

Treatment of prostate cancer late stage

Hormone therapy, surgery, chemotherapy

Incidence of Testicular Cancer

White men

Ages 15-35

Risk factors of Testicular Cancer

Abnormal testicular development

Family history

Undescended testicle

Klinefelter syndrome

HIV

Chemical exposure

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY

95% of Testicular cancers are…

Germ cell tumors

Two main types of testicular cancer

Seminomas

Nonseminomas

Seminomas

Slow growing

Cancer usually just in testes

Can spread but low chance

Very sensitive to radiation

Found in men 30s-40s

Nonseminomas

Grows quickly

Often made of more than one type of cell

Identified according to cell type

Cell types of Nonseminomas

Choriocarcinoma

Embryonal carcinoma

Teratoma

Yolk sac tumor

Stage 1 testicular cancer

Small growth localized to testes

Stage 2 testicular Cancer

Grows grows in size, starts to invade lymph nodes

Stage 3 Testicular Cancer

Growth metastasizes to other organs outside of testes

Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer

Physical Exam

Serum Tumor Markers

Imaging techniques

Treatment of Testicular Cancer

Organ sparing surgery

Adjuvant radiotherapy to lymph nodes

Chemotherapy

Prognosis of Testicular Cancer

Early detection: 95-100% cure rate

Possible effect on fertility

Prostatitis

Bacterial infection that causes urinary in continuance and low back pain

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Enlarged prostate gland, non cancerous

Orchitis

Bacterial infection of one or both testes

Epididmytis

Bacterial infection of the tube that holds the testes

Breast Cancer Incidence

1 in 8 women

Most common cancer

Non-modifiable risk factors of Breast Cancer

Age and Gender

Family history Agent orange

Genes

Menstrual cycle

Tumor Suppressor genes

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Women with these genes are 80% more likely to get breast cancer

Modifiable Risk factors for Breast Cancer

Alcohol Use

Childbirth

Intake of DES drug during pregnancy

Hormone replacement therapy

Obesity

Radiation on chest area

What about childbirth makes it a modifiable risk factor for Breast Cancer?

If mother did not breastfeed

Late age childbirth

Did not have kids

DES stands for

Diethylstilbestrol- drug that was given to pregnant women for nausea

Stage 1 of breast cancer

Tumor confined to breast

Stage 2 of breast cancer

Node-positive tumor

Tumor spread to ipsilateral node

Stage 3 breast cancer

Locally advance, superficial structure of chest

Stage 4 breast cancer

Cancer metastasized

Prophylactic Mastectomy

Removal of breast to avoid breast cancer

Two main types of breast cancer

Ductal carcinoma

Lobular carcinoma

Ductal carcinoma

Started in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from breast to nipple (most common)

Lobular carcinoma

Starts in lobules of the breast, lobules are where milk is produced

5th most common cause of cancer mortality among women

Ovarian cancer

Highest mortality than any other type of female reproductive cancer

Ovarian cancer

Cause of Ovarian cancer

Unknown

Risk factors of Ovarian cancer

No or few children later in life

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Women

Estrogen replacement without progesterone

55 years or older

Ovarian cancer treatment

Surgery

Sometimes chemotherapy

Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer

Not good, usually ducted in later stages because symptoms are so vague

Ex) nausea after a heavy meal

Second most common type of cancer in women worldwide (much less in US)

Cervical cancer

Cause of cervical cancer

HPV (human papilloma virus)

HPV and its transmission

Cancer causing Virus that is spread through sexual intercourse

Risk factors of cervical cancer

Sex at early age

Multiple sexual partners

Treatment of cervical cancer

Surgery

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Prognosis of Cervical Cancer

92% survival rate if caught before spreading outside of cervix

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

Gardasil vaccine (prevents HPV infection)

Papsmears

Endometrium

First/inner layer of uterus

Myometrium

Middle/muscle layer of Uterus

Serous

Outer layer of uterus

More than 95% of cancers in uterus are

Carcinomas (endometrial carcinomas)

5% of cancers in uterus are

Sarcomas

Incidence of endometrial cancer

Between ages 60 to 70

Risk factors of Uterine cancer

Diabetes

Estrogen w out progesterone

Endometrial polyps

Infertility

Infrequent periods

Tamoxifen-drug for breast cancer treatment

Never being pregnant

Obesity

PCOS

Early menstruation or late menopause

PCOS

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Symptoms of uterine cancer

Abnormal uterine bleeding/periods

Lower abdominal pain/pelvic cramping

White/clear vaginal discharge after menopause

Stage 1 endometrial cancer

Stays in uterus

Stage 2 endometrial cancer

Uterus and cervix

Stage 3 endometrial cancer

Uterus, cervical, lymph nodes in pelvis or near aorta

Stage 4 endometrial cancer

Uterus, cervix, lymph nodes, and other organs

Treatment of Uterine cancer

Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

Prognosis of Uterine cancer

Usually caught early

1 year survival rate 92%

5 year if not spread 95%

If it has spread, 5 year rate drops to 23%

Uterine cancer is the same thing as

Endometrial cancer

Endometriosis

Estrogen dependent disorder defined by the presence of endometrial tissue

Ovarian Cystic Disease

Ovarian cysts, mostly benign

Pelvic floor disorder

Pelvic organ collapse

Urinary and fecal incontinence

Renal cell carcinoma

Kidney cancer that starts in the lining of very small tubes (tubules) of kidney

Most common type of kidney cancer in adults (mostly men 50-70)

Renal cell carcinoma

Risk factors of renal cell carcinoma

Dialysis treatment

Family history

High blood pressure

Horshoe kidney

Polycystic kidney disease

Smoking

Von Hippel-Lindau disease

Symptoms of Renal cell carcinoma

Abdominal pain and swelling

Back pain

Bloody urine

Swelling of veins around testicle

Flank pain

Weight loss

Renal cell carcinoma physical exam

Mass or swelling in abdomen

Varicocele (enlargement of veins) in male scrotum

Renal cell carcinoma tests

Imaging (CT scan, ultrasound, arteriography, intravenous pyelogram)

Lab tests (blood chemistry, complete blood count, liver function, urine test)

Renal Cell carcinoma treatment

Surgery (kidney removal)

Chemo and radiation generally not effective

Stage 1 renal cell carcinoma

Tumor <7 cm, stays in kidney

Stage 2 renal cell carcinoma

Tumor >7cm, stays in kidney

Stage 3 renal cell carcinoma

Tumor in metastasized but not outside Geratas fascia, and/or 1 regional lymph node involved

Stage 4 renal cell carcinoma

Tumor beyond Geratas fascia

More than one regional lymph node involved

Distant metastasis

Bladder cancer

Starts in bladder, usually in cells lining bladder (transitional cells)

2 types of bladder cancer

Papillary tumors

No papillary tumors

Papillary tumors

Wart like attacked to a stalk

No papillary tumors (sessile)

Much less common but more invasive

Risk factors of bladder cancer

Smoking

Chemical exposure

Chemotherapy

Radiation

Chronic bladder infection

Symptoms of bladder cancer

Abdominal pain

Blood in urine

Bone pain/tenderness

Fatigue

Urinary dysfunction

Weight loss

Bladder cancer testing

Imaging techniques

Biopsy

Urinalysis

Urine cytology

Bladder cancer stage 0

Cancer cells on inner surface of bladder

Bladder cancer stage 1

Cancer cells penetrated inner lining of bladder but not the muscle

Stage 2 bladder cancer

Cancer cells spread to muscle

Stage 3 bladder cancer

Cancer cells spread beyond bladder muscle into outer layer

Stage 4 bladder cancer

Cancer cells spread towards abdominal or pelvic wall