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18 Terms

1

Spheres

Different components of the Earth system including atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.

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2

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding Earth, containing nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, and carbon dioxide.

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3

Hydrosphere

Earth's water in solid, liquid, and gas forms, with 91% in oceans, including clouds, groundwater, and lakes.

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4

Lithosphere

Earth's solid outer layer consisting of rocks and minerals, with mountains, ocean floors, and landscapes.

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5

Biosphere

The zone where life exists, with conditions for survival, interacting with other spheres for sustainability.

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6

Ecosystems

Living organisms and their physical and chemical environment, including biotic and abiotic factors.

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7

Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components of an ecosystem influencing sustainability.

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8

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Processes converting energy, with photosynthesis producing oxygen and cellular respiration using it.

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9

Food Webs and Food Chains

Illustrations of energy transfer in ecosystems, with food webs showing complex interactions.

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10

Ecological Niche

The role a species plays in its ecosystem, including interactions with other organisms.

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11

Consumer and Producers

Producers photosynthesize, while consumers include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and scavengers.

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12

Trophic Levels

Levels in a food chain, with energy transfer and only 10% passed to the next level.

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13

Water Cycle

The movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration.

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14

Carbon Cycle

Cycling of carbon through spheres, influenced by human activities like burning fossil fuels.

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15

Nitrogen Cycle

Movement of nitrogen compounds through biotic and abiotic environments, involving fixation and denitrification.

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16

Limiting Factor and Tolerance Range

Factors restricting population size and the range of conditions a species can survive in.

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17

Species Interactions

Various interactions like competition, predation, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism in ecosystems.

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18

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain, influenced by available resources and human activities.

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