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Spheres
Different components of the Earth system including atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.
Atmosphere
The layer of gases surrounding Earth, containing nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, and carbon dioxide.
Hydrosphere
Earth's water in solid, liquid, and gas forms, with 91% in oceans, including clouds, groundwater, and lakes.
Lithosphere
Earth's solid outer layer consisting of rocks and minerals, with mountains, ocean floors, and landscapes.
Biosphere
The zone where life exists, with conditions for survival, interacting with other spheres for sustainability.
Ecosystems
Living organisms and their physical and chemical environment, including biotic and abiotic factors.
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) components of an ecosystem influencing sustainability.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Processes converting energy, with photosynthesis producing oxygen and cellular respiration using it.
Food Webs and Food Chains
Illustrations of energy transfer in ecosystems, with food webs showing complex interactions.
Ecological Niche
The role a species plays in its ecosystem, including interactions with other organisms.
Consumer and Producers
Producers photosynthesize, while consumers include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and scavengers.
Trophic Levels
Levels in a food chain, with energy transfer and only 10% passed to the next level.
Water Cycle
The movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration.
Carbon Cycle
Cycling of carbon through spheres, influenced by human activities like burning fossil fuels.
Nitrogen Cycle
Movement of nitrogen compounds through biotic and abiotic environments, involving fixation and denitrification.
Limiting Factor and Tolerance Range
Factors restricting population size and the range of conditions a species can survive in.
Species Interactions
Various interactions like competition, predation, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism in ecosystems.
Carrying Capacity
The maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain, influenced by available resources and human activities.
