chapter 2 test

Chapter 2 Test heriew

Spheres:

There's 4 spheres

Atmosphere:

• 18% nitrogen =good for plants

• Atmo = Air

• 21% oxygen gas

• I%. argon, water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gases

• Moderates surface temperature, blocks solar radiation

•

Hydrosphere:

• Hydro = Water

• Earth's water in solid, liquid and gas form

• 91% oF water on earth is in the oceans

• Clouds, oceans, grandwater, ice,

lakes.

Lithosphere:

•Litho=rock

•Earth's solid outer layer

•Consists of rocks and minerals that make up the Earth’s mountains, ocean Floors and Earth's solid landscape

• 50 - 150 Km in thickness

Biosphere:

• Bio = life

• Zone around Earth where life can exist within the other spheres

• Very thin compared to Earth

•Conditions required for life must be met in this

thin

layer of ground, water and lower atmosphere

• Availability of resources limit the individuals of a species that can survive.

Spere interactions:

•Spheres are constantly interacting with one another. This is necessary for diversity and sustainability.

Ex. • Plants from bio absorbs water from hydro to grow

• Humans from bio breath oxygen from atmo and release carbon dioxide back into omo

• Plants from bio use carbon dioxide from atmo and release oxygen back into atmo

• Humans from bio use rocks from litho to make materials for building.

Ecosystems.

• All living organisms and their physical and chemical environment

•Includes both biotic and abiotic Factors

• An ecosystem refers to the community and its interactions with the abiotic environment

Ecosystem Community: and its Nonliving Surroundings:

Community: Populations that live together in a defined area

Population: Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area

Organism: Individual Living Thing

• Most natural ecosystems are sustainable: They can maintain a relatively constant set of characteristics over a long period of time

•Human activity can make ecosystems unsustainable by changing the biotic and abiotic factors

• Artificial ecosystems are artificially created and maintained by humans, are often unsustainable, and require management to maintain the biotic and abiotic features

Abiotic and Biotic Factors:

Abiotic: The nonliving physical and chemical components of an ecosystem

Ex. Temperature, wind, sunlight, sand, ice plastic

Biotic: living things, their remains and their products or waste

Ex. Dead leaves, mosquitos, milk, hair, empty snail shell, bacteria.

* Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:

• Radiant energy comes from the sun

• Radiant energy (10%.) is absorbed by hydro and litho and converted into thermal energy

• Thermal energy is the form of energy transferred during heating and cooling

Photosynthesis:

•0.023% of radiant energy is absorbed by living organisms and is converted into chemical energy

energy

• Necessary chemical process that allows organisms to store chemical energy in cells and then release energy when needed, is used to allow movement , granth and reproduction

• Plants are green because of chlorophyll| •Photosynthesis can only be used by producers

Equation for photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water → sugar/glucose + oxygen

Cellular Respiration:

• Complementary to photosynthesis

• Provides energy to cells

• Does not require light

•Cellular respiration can be used by both consumers and producers

Equation for cellular respiration: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Food webs and Food Chains:

Food Chain: A sequence of organisms, each feeding on the next, showing how energy is transferred from one organism to the next: simple feeding relationship

•Food chains do not exist in nature, they're used to show simple seeding relationships.

Food web:

•More accurate illustration of interactions within a community

• Complex and show interconnecting food chains

Ecological Niche: The role a species serves in its ecosystem, including what it cats, what eats it and how it behooves

Consumer and Producers:

Producer: Organisms that photosynthesize and make their own energy rich food.

Consumers:

Herbivore: Animal that eats plants or producers

Carnivore: Animal that eats other animals

Omnivore: Animal that eats both plants and animals

Scavenger: Animal that feeds on the remains of another organism

Trophie Levels:

• 4 total levels

•Energy is lost up the food crain, onty 10% is passed onto the next trophic level 1st: Producers

2nd: Primary Consumers (herbivore)

3rd: Secondary Consumers(carnivores)

4th: Tertiary Consumers (Carnivores)

Water Cycle:

• Biochemical Cycle

1. Evaporation: forms water vapor in atmosphere

2. Condensation: Water vapor moves throughout the atmosphere and condenses into douds

3. Transportation:Clouds moving in the atmosphere

4. Precipitation: Water returns back to earth in the form of precipitation: rain, hail, snow

Transpiration: Evaporation out of a plant

Carbon Cycle:

• How carbon is cycled through all 4 spheres

• Carbon makes between the abiotic and biotic parts of an ecosystem

• Human activity affects the carbon cycle

• By burning fossil fuels humans release stoved carbon into the camerpnere, this is causing climate change

•Climate Change can alter critical abiotic Factors in an ecosystem ex. Temperature and water availability

Nitrogen Cycle:

• Process of nitrogen compounds moving through the biotic and abiotic environment

•Nitrogen enters and leaves the atmosphere through a complex biochemical pathway

•Nitrogen fixation is the process where nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere by soil microorganisms and nitrogen gas is converted into a variety of nitrogen-containing compounds

•it is either taken in by decomposers or returned to the atmosphere in gas form by denitrifying bacteria.

limiting Factor and Tolerance Range:

Limiting Factor: A factor that restricts the size of a population, can be biotic (food availability) or abiotic, both determine where a species can live

• Human Factors often act as limiting factors

Abiotic Factors:

•Temperature, light and soil influence a species ability to survive

•Terrestrial plant species are largely limited by temperature, precipitation and light

• Key abiotic Factors in aquatic ecosystems are salt concentration, sunlight, oxygen and nutrients Tolerance Range:

• Range of abiotic conditions with which a species con surve.

Individuals experience stress as they near the upper and lower limits of the tolerance longe

•The largest and healthiest populations of a species will occur when conditions are within optimal range.

• Each species has a tolerance range for every abiotic Factor

• Abiotic factors determine where a species can live, biotic factors determine a species success

Species Interactions:

Competition: two individuals compete for the same resource

Predation: one individual feeds off another

Mutualism: Two individuals benefiting from Eachomer

Parasitism: one individual lives on or in and feeds on a host organism

Commensalism: one individual benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed

Carrying Capacity:

• As a population increases so does the demand for resources

•The maximum population of a particular species that a given ecosystem can sustain

•Natural or human activities can change an ecosystem's carrying capacity when resources are added or removed.