Chemistry - Functional Groups

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Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

IB Chemistry (SL)

Organic Chemistry

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14 Terms

1
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Hydrocarbons: Types

  • molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen only

ex: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

<ul><li><p>molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen only</p></li></ul><p>ex: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes</p>
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<p>Alkanes</p>

Alkanes

saturated hydrocarbon: single covalent bond between carbon atoms

<p>saturated hydrocarbon: single covalent bond between carbon atoms</p>
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<p>Alkenes</p>

Alkenes

unsaturated hydrocarbon: double bonds between carbon atoms

<p>unsaturated hydrocarbon: double bonds between carbon atoms</p>
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<p>Alkynes</p>

Alkynes

unsaturated hydrocarbon: triple bonds between carbon atoms

<p>unsaturated hydrocarbon: triple bonds between carbon atoms</p>
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<p>Alcohols</p>

Alcohols

  • hydroxy functional group: oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

  • a single covalent bond

Bond: OH

<ul><li><p>hydroxy functional group: oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom</p></li><li><p>a single covalent bond</p></li></ul><p>Bond: OH</p><p></p>
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<p>Aldehydes</p>

Aldehydes

  • carbonyl functional group: carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom

  • double bond

  • carbonyl group in terminal position

Bond: C=O at terminal

<ul><li><p>carbonyl functional group: <strong>carbon </strong>atom bonded to an <strong>oxygen</strong> atom</p></li><li><p>double bond</p></li><li><p>carbonyl group in <strong>terminal position</strong></p></li></ul><p>Bond: C=O at terminal</p><p></p>
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<p>Ketones</p>

Ketones

  • carbonyl functional group: carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom

  • double bond

Bond: C=O within carbon chain

<ul><li><p>carbonyl functional group: <strong>carbon</strong> atom bonded to an <strong>oxygen </strong>atom</p></li><li><p>double bond</p></li></ul><p>Bond: C=O within carbon chain</p>
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<p>Carboxylic acids</p>

Carboxylic acids

  • carboxyl functional group (carbonyl group + hydroxyl group)

  • carboxyl (C=O) + hydroxyl (OH) → COOH or CO2H

Bond: COOH or CO2H

<ul><li><p>carboxyl functional group (carbonyl group + hydroxyl group)</p></li><li><p>carboxyl (<span>C=O) + hydroxyl (OH) → COOH or CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>H</span></p></li></ul><p>Bond: COOH or CO<sub>2</sub>H</p>
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<p>Esters</p>

Esters

  • ester functional group

  • carbonyl group bonded to oxygen atom

  • single bond, asymmetric

  • pleasant tastes and smells

Bond: RCOOR'

<ul><li><p>ester functional group</p></li><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to oxygen atom</p></li><li><p>single bond, asymmetric</p></li><li><p>pleasant tastes and smells</p></li></ul><p>Bond: <span>RCOOR'</span></p>
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<p>Ethers</p>

Ethers

  • alkoxy functional group

  • oxygen atom bonded to 2 alkyl groups

Bond: R–O–R’

<ul><li><p>alkoxy functional group</p></li><li><p>oxygen atom bonded to 2 alkyl groups</p></li></ul><p>Bond: R–O–R’</p>
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<p>Amines</p>

Amines

  • amino functional group

  • nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups

  • derivatives of ammonia; can be either primary, secondary, or tertiary

  • nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons

Bond: R–NH2

<ul><li><p>amino functional group</p></li><li><p>nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups</p></li><li><p>derivatives of ammonia; can be either primary, secondary, or tertiary</p></li><li><p>nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons</p></li></ul><p>Bond: <span>R–NH2</span></p><p></p>
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<p>Amides</p>

Amides

  • amido functional group

  • carbonyl group bonded to amino group

  • derivatives of ammonia; can be either primary, secondary, or tertiary

Bond: R–CONH2

<ul><li><p>amido functional group</p></li><li><p>carbonyl group bonded to amino group</p></li><li><p>derivatives of ammonia; can be either primary, secondary, or tertiary</p></li></ul><p>Bond: <span>R–CONH2</span></p>
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<p>Halogenoalkanes</p>

Halogenoalkanes

  • halogeno functional group

  • alkanes in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen atom

    • fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine

Bond: R–X

<ul><li><p>halogeno functional group</p></li><li><p>alkanes in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen atom</p><ul><li><p><span>fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p>Bond: <span>R–X</span></p>
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<p>Arene</p>

Arene

  • phenyl functional group

  • cyclical structure

    • 6 carbon atoms + 5 hydrogen atoms

    • benzene ring minus hydrogen atom

  • aromatic hydrocarbons

<ul><li><p>phenyl functional group</p></li><li><p>cyclical structure</p><ul><li><p>6 carbon atoms + 5 hydrogen atoms</p></li><li><p>benzene ring minus hydrogen atom</p></li></ul></li><li><p>aromatic hydrocarbons</p></li></ul><p></p>