Studied by 2 people
Memory
Learning that is held overtime through encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Sensory Memory
Very short and immediate memory.
Short Term/Working Memory
Active incoming and/or retrieved memories.
Long Term Memory
Where we keep everything we’ve retained (warehouse). She’s unlimited.
Encoding
Putting the information in there.
Storage
Information is retained/saved.
Retrieval
Information is brought back.
Flashbulb Memory
Clear/vivid memories of surprising and/or important events.
Hyperthymesia
Incredible autobiographical memory.
Mnemonists
Ability to remember incredibly long lists of items and information.
Automatic Processing
Encode information without trying.
Parallel Processing
Encode information while doing other things.
Effortful Processing
When something takes effort and attention to remember.
Rehearsal
Repeating or actively working with material.
Mnemonic Devices
Memory tricks/techniques.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Effortful Processing Researcher.
List of nonsense syllables
Ebbinghaus Theories
a. Amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
b. After learning, rehearsal increases retention.
c. Material immediately before or during sleep=no retention.
d. Learning/forgetting curve (learn/forget quickly).
Next-In-Line Effect
When you are part of a line/order of things your worst memory is of the person right next to you.
Spacing Effect
We retain information better when rehearsed over time.
Serial Position Effect
With a list of items, the first and last tend to be remembered much better than the middle items.
Primacy
First/early items are paid attention to.
Recency
Last/most recent items are paid attention to.
Self-Reference Effect
We remember personally meaningful things better.
Meaning/Semantic Encoding
Creating/using meaning seems to be the best memory tool.
Ebbinghaus: Meaningful take 1/10 the effort.
Deep processing
Imagery/Mental Pictures/Visual Info
It is easier to remember words that connect to images.
Method of Loci
Create a visual story to follow.
Peg-Word Systems
A system of words creates visuals.
Auditory
Remember a sound alone.
Chunking
Organize information into meaningful groupings.
Hierarchies
Divide information into groups and subgroups.
George Sperling
Sensory memory researcher (3×3 matrices).
Wilder Penfield
There is a single spot for memory.
Ralph Gerard
Memory is electrical.
Elizabeth Loftus
Memory is spread out in the brain.
Memory as Synaptic Change
Memory involves the connections between neurons.
Eric Kandel
Discovered memory as synaptic change. Bro worked with sea snails.
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
Neural basic for learning and memory. How it sticks around.
Implicit/Procedural Memory
Memory of skills/movements/physical things.
Explicit/Declarative Memory
Memory of stories/facts/etc.
Episodic Memory
Memory of stories and events (an episode).
Cues
Guides/reminders that trigger a memory.
Priming
Multiple cues used to trigger a memory.
Context
Retrieval works better when in the same context as when the memory was encoded.
State Dependent Memory
You’re better at retrieving in the same state as when you encode.
Mood Congruent Memory
Emotion helps to trigger retrieval, because it played a role in encoding.
Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve
Forgetting information suddenly, and what’s left is secure.
Interference
Our memory is impacted by competing information.
Proactive
Old information hurts/blocks encoding of new information.
Retroactive
New information hurts/blocks retrieval of old information.
Positive Transfers
Previous information helps form new memories.
Motivated Forgetting
We often revise our own memories (sometimes willingly, sometimes due to accepted misinformation).
Repression
Freudian defense mechanism where we try to forget/push stuff into the unconscious.
Misinformation Effect
Incorrectly filled in=misremembering.
Source Amnesia
We struggle to remember the source of a memory, so we claim it as our own.
Deja Vu
“I’ve had this happen before.”
Note 
Flashcard (100)