1. Abnormal behavior in historical content

Psychological disorder

A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typically or culturally expected

• Psychological Dysfunction
• Distress or impairment
• Not typical or not culturally expected

Three Criteria of Psychological disorder

Psychological disorder according to DSM-5

• Describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain or impairment

Dysfunction, Distress, Deviance, Danger + Duration

4D’s of Abnormality + 1

Deviance

Behavior, thoughts, or emotions that are unusual, rare, or violate social/cultural norms.

Distress

The person experiences significant suffering, anxiety, or unhappiness.

Dysfunction

Problems in daily functioning—work, school, relationships, or self-care.

Danger

The individual poses a risk of harm to themselves (suicidal behavior, self-harm) or to others (aggression, reckless acts).

Psychopathology

It is the scientific study of psychological disorders.

Clinical description, Etiology, Treatment & Outcome

Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders.

Clinical Description

Unique combination of behaviors, thoughts and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Treatment & Outcome

Pharmacology, Psychological or Combined

• clinical and counseling psychologists

• psychiatrists

• psychiatric social workers

• psychiatric nurses

• marriage and family therapists and mental health counselors

Specially trained professionals in the field of Psychopathology

Clinical Psychologists and counseling psychologist

Their degree prepares them to conduct research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders and to diagnose, assess, and treat these disorders

Psychiatrist

They also investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorders, often from a biological point of view make diagnoses; and offer treatments. Emphasizes on drugs or other biological treatments, although most use psychosocial treatment as well

Psychiatric social worker

They develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder. They also treat disorders, often concentrating on family problems associated with them

Psychiatric nurses

They specialize in the care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders, usually in hospitals as part of a treatment team

Scientist-practitioners

Are those mental health professionals take scientific approach to their clinical work

Presents

a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic.

Clinical description

represents the unique combination of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Prevalence of the disorder

how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder.

Incidence of the disorder

statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year.

Sex Ratio

percentage of males and females who have disorder

course

refers to the pattern of how symptoms develop and change over time

Chronic course

they tend to last a long time, sometimes lifetime (ex. Schizophrenia).

Episodic Course

individual likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. May repeat throughout a person’s life.

Time-limited Course

the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence

Onset

Describes how the disorder starts. Focuses on the time and speed of initial appearance of symptoms.

Acute onset

meaning that they begin suddenly

Insidious onset

develop gradually over an extended period

Prognosis

Refers to the predicted course and outcome of a disorder. It indicates how likely recovery or improvement is.

The Prognosis is good

meaning individual will probably recover.

The Prognosis is guarded

meaning the probable outcome does not look good

Developmental Psychology

study of changes in behavior over time

Developmental Psychopathology

the study of changes in abnormal behavior

Life-span developmental psychopathology

Study of abnormal behavior across the entire age span

Etiology

study of origins, why the disorders begins (what causes it) which includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Supernatural model, Biological model, Psychological model

Three Major Models of Behavior

Supernatural Model

agents outside our bodies e.g. divinities, demons, spirits or other phenomena such as magnetic field or the moon or stars.

Biological Model

body can influence the mind

Psychological Model

mind can influence the body

Barbara Tuchman

a noted historian, chronicled the second half of the 14th century, a particularly difficult time for humanity, in “A Distant Mirror”. She ably captures the conflicting tides of opinion on the origins and treatment of insanity during that bleak and tumultuous period

Exorcism

religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits

Acedia or sloth

Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illness, although symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by church with the sin of _

Nicholas Oresme

a bishop and philosopher, suggested that the disease of melancholy (depression) was a source of some bizarre behavior rather than demons

Mass hysteria

Simply demonstrate the phenomenon of emotion contagion in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us

emotional contagion

meaning emotions (like fear, panic, or excitement) can spread rapidly through a group, leading people to unconsciously mimic each other’s feelings or behaviors

mob psychology

a shared, exaggerated response where individuals act in ways they normally wouldn’t if they were alone.

tarantism

a disorder that includes an uncontrollable impulse to dance that was attributed to the bite of southern European tarantula or wolf spider.

Lycanthropy

a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior

Saint Vitu’s dance

In Italy, episode occurred known as tarantism a disorder that include an uncontrollable impulse to dance that was attributed to the bite of southern European tarantula or wolf spider. It spread to Germany and the rest of the Europe then was known as ___

Paracelsus

(1493-1541) a Swiss physician, was an early critics of superstitious beliefs about possessions by the devil. His view about abnormal behavior was colored by his beliefs in astral influences.

Paracelsus

He was convinced that the moon exerted a supernatural influence over the brain.

hypnosis

the idea of psychic causes of illness and advocated treatment by “body magnetism” which later called _

Paracelsus

Formulated the idea of psychic causes of illness and advocated treatment by “body magnetism” which later called hypnosis

Hippocrates

Father of Modern Western Medicine

Hippocrates

he considered the brain to be seat of wisdom consciousness, intelligence and emotion.

Hippocrates

Recognized importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology, such as the sometimes-negative effects of family stress; on some occasions, he removed patients from their familie

Hippocratic Corpus

written between 450 and 350 b.c. (Maher & Maher, 1985), suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease. They believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity (genetics)

Galen

Roman physician (approximately a.d. 129–198) later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them further, creating a powerful and influential school of thought within the biological tradition that extended well into the 19th century

Hipprocratic-galenic approach

The humoral theory of disorders.

Hippocrates

He assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors

blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm

four bodily fluids or humor

• blood - heart

• black bile - spleen

• phlegm - brain

• choler or yellow bile - liver

according to hippocratic-galenic approach, where do blood, black bile, phlegm, and choler or yellow bile come from?

Sanguine

literal meaning is red, like blood

Sanguine

describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, cheerful and optimistic, although insomnia and delirium were thought caused by excessive blood in the brain.

Melancholic

means depressive

Phlegmatic

indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress.

Choleric

is hot tempered

Bleeding or bloodletting

a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches.

Induced vomiting

a well-known treatise on depression published in 1621, Anatomy of Melancholy, Robert Burton recommended eating tobacco and a half-boiled cabbage to _

Robert Burton

recommended eating tobacco and a half-boiled cabbage to induced vomiting

Chinese

focused on the movement of air or “wind” throughout the body

yin

wind or the presence of cold, dark wind

yang

warm, life-sustaining wind

Hysteria

describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians, who had identified what we now call the somatic symptom disorders

Hysteria

In these disorders, the physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness

syphilis and John P. Grey

two factors why the biological tradition waxed and waned during the centuries after Hippocrates and Galen but was reinvigorated in the 19th century

syphilis

sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, including believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors.

delusion of persecution

believing that everyone is plotting against you

delusion of grandeur

believing that you are God

delusions

beliefs that are not based in reality

hallucination

perceptions that are not based in reality

general paresis

syphilis was linked to a disease because it had consistent symptoms (presentation) and a consistent course that resulted in death.

Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory

developed in about 1870, facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis

Malaria

Physicians observed a surprising recovery in patients with general paresis who had contracted _, so they deliberately injected other patients with blood from a soldier who was ill with this disease

penicillin

cures syphilis (legit na)

John P. Grey

The champion of the biological tradition in the United States. Most influential American psychiatrist of the time (Bockoven, 1963)

American Journal of Insanity

the precursor of the current American Journal of Psychiatry, the flagship publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA)

John P. Grey

His position was that the causes of insanity were always physical. Therefore, the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill. The emphasis was again on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation, approaches used for centuries by previous therapists in the biological tradition.

1930s

year when physical interventions of electric shock and brain surgery were often used.

insulin shock therapy

Viennese physician, Manfred Sakel, began using increasingly higher dosages until, finally, patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose (Sakel, 1958). Some actually recovered their mental health, much to the surprise of everybody, and their recovery was attributed to the convulsions. The procedure became known as _

Benjamin Franklin

made numerous discoveries during his life with which we are familiar, but most people don’t know that he discovered accidentally, and then confirmed experimentally in the 1750s, that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm.

Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini

Italian physicians in 1938—a surgeon in London treated a depressed patient by sending six small shocks directly through his brain, producing convulsions (Hunt, 1980). The patient recovered. Although greatly modified, shock treatment is still with us today.

Rauwolfia serpentine

later renamed reserpine

neuroleptics

major tranquilizers

benzodiazepines

minor tranquilizers which seemed to reduce anxiety

bromides

By 1928, one of every five prescriptions in the United States was for _. When their side effects, including various undesirable physical symptoms, became widely known, and experience began to show that their overall effectiveness was relatively modest, these largely disappeared from the scene

Neuroleptics

used less as attention has focused on their many side effects, such as tremors and shaking. However, the positive effects of these drugs on some patients’ psychotic symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, and agitation revitalized both the search for biological contributions to psychological disorders and the search for new and more powerful drugs

Emil Kraepelin

(1856–1926)- the dominant figure during this period and one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry.