Alimentary 2: Stomatides and Oral Tumors

What are the 5 viral causes of Vesicular Stomatitides?

1. FMD

2. Vesicular Stomatitis

3. Swine Vesicular Disease

4. Vesicular Exanthema

5. Senecavirus A

Why is FMD also known as Apthous fever?

It is caused by a apthovirus

Which animal is a disease indicator for FMD? What is a disease indicator animal?

• Cattle

• It means they are the species we the disease in the most

Which species is the Amplifying host of FMD?

• Pigs

  • They excrete large quantities of virus

How does FMD affect horses, if at all?

FMD doesn’t affect equids

How does FMD affect sheep/goats, if at all?

• They are maintenance hosts

  • They show little to no C.S

  • They will spread the disease without showing it

T/F: FMD has a high morbidity and mortality

False, just a high morbidity (“on of the most infectious animal diseases in the world“)

FMD affects which animals the most?

Ruminants and pigs

What are the Clinical Signs of FMD?

Vesiculoulcerative skin/oral lesions

1. Oral Lesions

   1. Profuse salivation/drooling

2. Foot Lesions

   1. Lameness

   2. Stamping of feet

   3. Walking weird

3. Teat Lesions

   1. Decrease in milk production

4. Heart Lesions

   1. Sudden death in young calves (neonate/calves only)

What additional C.S of FMD can only be seen in infected neonates?

Myocardial degeneration/Myocarditis → Acute Heart Failure

A common complication of FMD is _____ separration

Hoof Separation (the result of rupture of vesicles on the hoof)

T/F: Vesicular stomatitis is always indistinguishable from FMD

• False and True

  • True in ruminants

  • False if a horse is infected, FMD cannot infect horses but vesicular stomatitis can!

T/F: All vesicular diseases should be assumed to be FMD until proven otherwise

True

How is Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) different from Vesicular Exanthema (VE) or Senecavirus A (SVA)?

• Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD)

  • Only infects pigs

  • Vesico-ulcerative lesion on the feet, less often in other areas

• Exanthema (VE)

  • Only infects pigs

  • Eradicated (historic importance)

• Senecavirus A (SVA)

  • Only infects pigs

  • Key distinction: can cause severe neonatal mortality (up to 30–70%) with vesicles sometimes absent in piglets

What is the difference between an Ulcer and an Erosion?

• Ulcer

  • Penetrates the epidermis and affects the dermis too

• Erosion

  • Damage just in epidermis

T/F: For erosive and ulcerative stomatitides, ulcers will often develop without first being a vesicle

True

Bovine ______ ______ causes erosive/ulcerative stomatitides

Bovine Viral Diarrhea

T/F: Renal issues can result in the development of oral ulcers

True, they’re called uremic ulcers

What causes Uremic Ulcers in the oral cavity (more specific than just kidney issues)?

High BUN → thrombosis → ischemia → infarction → ulceration

T/F: FMD can cause ulcerative stomatitis

True, it can cause vesicular/ulcerative stomatitis

What genus of virus causes Papular Stomatitis? What are the 2 examples of these viruses that we discuss?

• Parapoxviruses 

  • Contagious ecthyma (orf)

  • Bovine Papular Stomatitis

What is a papule?

Elevated dome shaped/flat topped lesion 1cm or less across

Papules are cases of chronic proliferative and _______ lesions

Proliferative and Necrotizing 

What condition is this?

• Contagious ecthyma (orf)

  • Causes papular stomtitis or pustular dermatitis

What disease is this most likely?

Bovine papular stomatitis

What is the difference between Ulcerative stomatitis and Necrotizing stomatitis?

• Ulcerative

  • Lesions in which the damage extends through the epidermis and into the dermis

• Necrotizing

  • Penetration of the mucosa and invasion into deeper tissues

  • Results in chronic inflammation → Abscess, granulomas

What is the etiology of Oral necrobacillosis (Calf Diphtheria)?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

The trademark appearance of Calf Diphtheria is ______/_______ that are often covered by a yellow-grey _________

• Ulcers/erosions

• Pseudomembranes

  • a false membrane-like layer of inflammatory material, typically consisting of mucus, dead cells, and inflammatory cells, that forms on a mucous membrane or skin surface

What are some predisposing factors to Calf Diphtheria?

• Eruption of teeth

• Rough feed

• Poor use of Dosing gun

• Intercurrent disease

Essentially anything that can damage the oral mucosa and provide F. necrophorum an entrance

A cow presents with chronic granulomatous glossitis, what is your initial ddx (include etiology)?

• Oral Actinobacillus (Wooden Tongue)

  • Actinobacillus lignieresii

Don’t confuse with A. bovis 

What bacteria cause lumpy jaw in cattle?

Actinobacillus bovis

What is a good way to remember the difference between oral actinomycosis and oral actionbacillus?

Actinomycosis → M = Mandible → causes Lumpy Jaw

A cat presents with what appears to be an ulcerated mass in its mouth, you do an FNA on it, and you see numerous eosinophils and eosinophil degranulation, you also notice that the cat has cutaneous ulcers as well, what is your main ddx?

• Eosinophilic Stomatitis (Part of Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex Cutaneous and/or oral ulcers)

  • This complex can result in the formation of cutaneous and or oral ulcers

What type of disease does Eosinophilic Stomatitis cause?

• Affects cats mostly (sometimes Huskies)

  • aka Oral eosinophilic granulomas and/or eosinophilic ulcers

• Appears like an ulcerated tumor

How does Lympoplasmacytic Stomatitis/Gingivitis present?

Ulcerative/raised and proliferative erythematous (reddened) lesions

WHat is the cause of Lympoplasmacytic Stomatitis/Gingivitis

It’s Idiopathic

T/F: You can often differentiate oral growths (Hyperplasia/neoplasia) visually

False, their gross appearance is often too similar