Tissue and Organ Changes: Required Reading - AI GENERATED!!

most significant

Aging is considered the _________risk factor for most noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and neurologic diseases.

25%-50%

Research with identical twins has identified that _____of the decline with age has a genetic basis.

Homeostasis

_____ refers to the physiological processes that maintains a stable internal environment of the body.

Physical Stress

The _____ theory (PST), proposed by Mueller and Maluf, states that changes in the relative level of physical stress cause a predictable adaptive response in all biological tissue

Cachexia

_____ is defined as rapid and relentless muscle wasting frequently associated with end-stage cancer, COPD, and congestive heart failure.

Sarcopenia

_____ is the muscle wasting of old age, first described by Rosenberg in 1989 as the progressive decrease in muscle mass and strength during aging

two

Sarcopenia is present when muscle mass is _____ or more standard deviations below values obtained for young adults

80

It is estimated that between 22% and 33% of community-dwelling older adults have sarcopenia, and for those older than age _____ years, that number approaches 50%.

20-30

Peak bone mass is reached at skeletal maturity between _____ years of age.

2%

For an interval of a few years around menopause, women lose _____ of bone annually.

• osteoclast

• osteoblast

• osteocyte

The three cell types that make up bone are the:

-2.5

Osteoporosis is traditionally diagnosed based on T-scores less than _____ in the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck

20%-40%

There is about a _____ decrease in muscle mass by the age of 70 years

10%-40%

A _____ reduction in type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers has been observed in aging adults.

resting

The loss of lean body mass causes a reduction in _____ metabolic rate, with fewer total calories utilized at rest

Visceral

_____ fat secretes proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein, which promote and sustain low-grade chronic inflammation.

osteosarcopenic

The triad of osteopenia, obesity, and sarcopenia is described by the term _____ obesity syndrome.

elastin

three major age-related changes in collagenous tissues are loss of water from the extracellular matrix, increase in collagen crosslinks, and loss of _____ fibers.

height

The most obvious consequence of decreased water content in connective tissue is _____ loss that occurs when water is lost from the intervertebral discs

30%

There is about a ________ age-associated reduction in maximal exercise heart rate between ages 20 and 85

20%

The age-associated decrease in maximal aerobic capacity increases progressively to more than _____ per decade after age 70

denervation, fewer

The process of _____ and reinnervation of muscle fibers occurs primarily after 60 years of age and leads to ______ but larger surviving motor units

slow response time

Men and women in the young-old category (ages 65 to 74 years) are already at heightened risk for falling due to __________

Presbycusis

_____ is a widespread hearing loss phenomenon among individuals aged 80 and above.

66%

A study using the NSHAP database found that _____ of older U.S. adults had two or more sensory deficits.

150, 75

Current ACSM guidelines recommend _____ minutes of moderate physical activity or ____ minutes of vigorous physical activity per week.