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Age of middle childhood
6-12 (school age)
Physical Growth
"slow" but steady
school-aged children grow, on average, ____________ per year
2-3 inches
this is the only time during the lifespan when girls are on average ____ than boys
taller
boys and girls gain____ a year
5-7 lbs
variations of __________ in children the same age are not uncommon
half a foot
Noonan syndrome
affects boys and girls, due to congenital heart defects
turner syndrome
girls only, affects x-chromosomes
what is proper nutrition linked to?
positive personality traits
poor nutrition in school aged children
-overweight or obese
-stunted
-increased susceptibility to infections
-poor school performance
Despite growing rates of obesity, American society places a strong emphasis on ______ which can lead to eating disorders
thinness
Top 10 leading causes of death for 5-14 year olds
Accidents
Cancer
Suicide
Homicide
Congenital anomalies
Heart disease
Chronic lower respiratory disease
Flu/pneumonia
Stroke
Diabetes
Fine Motor Skills in school aged children
continue to advance, increased levels of myelin around the nerve cells raise the speed of messages traveling to muscles
Gross motor skills
muscle coordination, gender differences likely the result of societal messages/expectations rather than motor skill
6 year old gross motor skill
girls superior in accuracy of movement, boys superior in more forceful less complex acts
can throw with the proper weight shift and step
acquire the ability to skip
7 year old motor skills
can balance on one foot with eyes closed
can walk on a 2-inch wide balance beam without falling out
can hop and jump accurately into small squares (hopscotch)
can correctly execute a jumping jack exercise
8 year old gross motor skills
can grip objects with 12 pounds of pressure
can engage in alternate rhythmical hopping in a 2-2,2-3, or 3-3 pattern
girls can throw a small ball 33 feet, boys can throw a small ball 59 feet
the number of games participated in by both sexes is the greatest at this age
9 years old motor skills
girls can jump vertically 8.5 inches over their standing height plus reach, boys can jump vertically 10 inches
boys can run 16.6 feet per second and throw a small ball 41 feet; girls can run 16 feet per second and throw a small ball 41 feet
10 year old motor skills
can judge and intercept directions of small balls thrown from a distance
both girls and boys can run 17 feet per second
11 year old motor skills
-boys can achieve standing broad jump of 5 feet, girls can achieve sanding board jump of 4.5 feet
12 year old motor skills
can achieve high jump of 3 feet
What are some of the activities older children in middle childhood likely to engeged?
Sports! Soccer, basket ball, ect
Intellectual development in middle childhood: Piagetian approaches to cognitive advance
-the school-age child enters the concrete operational stage, the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, characterized by the active, and appropriate use of logic, children at this stage can easily solve conservation problems - logic use over appearance
decentering
moving out to into/loss of egocentrism
at the beginning of the _____________________ stage, kids reason that the 2 cars on these routes are traveling the same speed even though they arrive at the same time,
concrete operational
Critics of Piaget's Views on intellectual development
criticized for underestimating children's abilities and for exaggerating the universality of the progression through the stages (not everyone will go through the stages at the same rate
Research suggest that Piaget was_________ than wrong
more right
______________ research increasingly implies children universally achieve concrete operation and that training with conservation tasks improves performance
Cross-cultural
Information processing in middle childhood
children become increasingly able to handle information because their memories improve
memory is the process by which information is initially encoded, stored, and retrieved
Meta-memory
an understanding about the processes that underlie memory emerge and improve during middle childhood
Our memory can be trained (__________) Zone of ___________________
Vigotsky; proximal development
During middle childhood does the development of concrete operational skills improve? What comes next?
Yes, abstract thinking comes next
Vgotsky's approach to cognitive development and classroom instruction
-very big on peer learning
-reading comprehension skills are important
-zone of proximal development
-scaffolding
Language development during middle childhood
-large vocabulary
-reading helps increase vocabulary
-often speech therapy is happening now
-speech and language is used in social context
-mastery of grammar in middle school
language is a way to _________behavior
control
Bilingualism
the use of more than one language, english is a second language for more than 32 million americans
schooling in middle childhood
School marks the time when society formally attempts to transfer its body of knowledge, beliefs, values, and accumulated wisdom to new generations
In the US a primary school education is both a ______ and a ___________
universal right; legal requirement
More than _______ children don't have access to education and ____ are women
160 million children; 2/3
When are kids ready for school?
age is not a critical indicator of when children should start school, often children have a large social influence on eachother
How to teach a child to read
-pre-reading behaviors
-learning letters
-blending sounds
-sight words
-word families
-other phonic skills
Bloom's Taxonomy
A system for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. Includes the following competencies: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Multicultural education
-Instruction that integrates throughout the curriculum the perspectives and experiences of numerous cultural groups
-is based on several models
Intelligence
the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
Alfred Binet's intelligence
-he defined intelligence pragmatically that which his test measured
-intelligence tests should be reasonable indicators of school success
Who invented idea of IQ
Alfred Binet
-Alfred Binet and his colleague ___________ practiced a more modern form of intelligence testing by developing questions that would predict children's future progress in the Paris school system (this was originally created to assess how teachers are teaching students/teacher's skills)
theodore simon
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
An IQ test designed for school-age children. The test assesses potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension.
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
Nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities
What does IQ from these tests mean?
IQ is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
IQ Tests has a ____________, most scores fall in the middle of the possible range of scores, few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range, standard deviation of ____
normal distribution; 15
Issue with IQ tests
The intelligence tests frequently used in schools assume that intelligence is a single, mental ability. many theorists now dispute the notion that intelligence is unidimensional (that g or a single unitary mental ability factor exists)
Fluid Intelligence
global capacity to reason, ability to learn new things, think abstractly and solve problems
crystallized intelligence
prior learning and past experiences, based on facts, increases with age
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts
Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions
