COMM3300 - Midterm Exam (Modules 1-5)

Two different views of technologies

(1) utopian; (2) dystopian

Utopian (view of technology)

technology is great - positive attitude toward technology; positive outcomes and benefits

Dystopian (view of technology)

Technology is evil; sources of the negative social and economic issues

4 layers of the ecosystem perspective

(1) individual users; (2) hardware, software, content; (3) organizational infrastructure; (4) social systems

individual users

layer in ecosystem perspective

people who put the technology into use

hardware/software/content

layer in ecosystem perspective

3 components of the technology itself

hardware

part of hardware/software/content layer in ecosystem perspective

the physical equipment of the system

software

part of hardware/software/content layer in ecosystem perspective

the programs, algorithms that enable the operation of the hardware (ex: browser, apps, software)

content

part of hardware/software/content layer in ecosystem perspective

information / data shown, transmitted, created, stored over the system; without content, hardware and software are nothing

organizational infrastructure

layer in ecosystem perspective

potential deployment at the organizational level (can affect/speed up development of technology); organizational support; culture and norms (partnering, endorsements)

social systems - macro level

layer in ecosystem perspective

media (technology can be influenced by how media portrays technology) :: political (system): internet was a political product, net neutrality :: economic (economy): generating profit :: social (society): pokemon go added social aspects to increase usage of the game

chindogu

technologies that were created but found to be useless by users and quickly given up by the market

productivity paradox

as ICT got adopted and used, productivity remained relatively unchanged. More money was spent on computer, software; productivity remained unchanged/ stable. 90s and early 90s

ICT

information and communications technology

3 stages of technology use

(1) supplementation; (2) enlargement; (3) reconfiguration

When a new communication technology is released, these stages happen. Not all technology will be lucky enough to go through all stages.

supplementation

stage of technology use

an initial stage / phase:
this new technology compliments

use technologies to do old things in new ways

cost savings rather than revenue generation

supplementation examples

effects of ______ examples
- postal mail → email
- face-to-face meetings → Facetime/Skype
- Diary → Blogs
- Dictionary → Google/Wikipedia
- Social gathering → social media / online communities / virtual worlds

enlargement

stage of technology use

the use of technology expands

reconfiguration

stage of technology use

it will reconfigure the way we communicate, work with each other, the way we socialize, productivity. revolutionizes/changes the pattern and creates new structure. example: Facebook

(1) expected; (2) observed

budget vs. time

2 telecommunications transportation tradeoff trends

(1) expected trend and (2) observed trend

Difference between the ____ trend and ___ trend of the telecommunications transportation tradeoff.

As we spend more money on technology, our travel went up.

Unlike what was expected, complex messages still need to be had face-to-face - which is critical to go over things in detail

In the beginning, communication technology is helpful, but it does not replace human to human interpersonal communication. It does, however, enhance/augment these connections.

Moore's Law

Computational power doubles every 24 months

Metcalfe's Law

Networking technology / interactive medium requires multiple users or to gain as many users as possible. Example: Craigslist, Yelp, GroupMe

V = U² - U / 2

V=Value :: U=Number of Users

Examples of access or "on-demand" economy

These are examples of access or "______" economies:

Uber - ride share
Wikipedia - knowledge
Air-BNB - share homes

Diffusion of Innovations

categorized people into 5 types of technology adaptors

Everett Rogers is the founder of ___ of ___.

technology adopters

5 types of ___ ___

1. Innovators
2. Early adopter
3. Early majority
4. Late majority
5. Laggards

bell-curve

___-curve for distribution of 5 types of adopters

1. Innovators - 2.5%
2. Early adopter - 13.5%
3. Early majority - 34%
4. Late majority - 34%
5. Laggards - 16%

S-curve

___-___:

Take-off vs. growth speed of Innovation

Adoption of Innovation vs. time

Take-off of innovation is slow :: the adoption of innovation will be fast :: after time slowly goes by, the adoption of the technology will grow and saturate the market

positive
if innovation is superior to previous technology fulfilling same needs (do it better, cheaper, faster, more effectively), faster diffusion

positive or negative factor influencing the rate of diffusion: relative advantage

positive
extent to which innovation is consistent with past experience

positive or negative factor influencing the rate of diffusion: compatibility

negative
if difficulty is high, the slower the rate of diffusion

positive or negative factor influencing the rate of diffusion: complexity

positive
how visible/immediate is the use of innovation and seeing benefits of using technology

positive or negative factor influencing the rate of diffusion: observability

positive
if there is ability to allow users to try technology, the rate of diffusion will be positive

positive or negative factor influencing the rate of diffusion: trialability

negative
higher the price, slower the rate of diffusion

positive or negative factor influencing the rate of diffusion: price

rate of diffusion

6 factors influencing the ___ of ___:

1. relative advantage
2. compatibility
3. complexity
4. observability
5. trialability
6. price

cable, satellite, terrestrial (over the air/antennas)

3 major channels for TV reception in US

DTV

Digital television

TV system that uses digital instead of analog signals

DTV

advantageous features of ___:

less bandwidth consumption
broadcasts HD TV programs
superior video and audio quality

high definition television

HDTV

interlaced scanning

first scan the odd lines, then even lines to fill frame

progressive scanning

most popular scanning method
each entire frame is scanned in one pass, which makes is faster

June 12, 2009

Analog-to-digital deadline in the US

people who met BOTH of these criteria:
- not cable or satellite subscribers
- people who do not have DTV sets

Who was affected by DTV transition?

media richness

the ability to change understanding within a time interval.

continuum of richness: from lean medium (low level) to rich medium (high level)

also known as "information richness"

4 dimensions of media richness

4 dimensions of ____ ____:

1. capacity for instant feedback
2. personalization
3. multiple cues
4. the use of natural/conversational language vs. formal coded language

rich

rich or lean media richness?

instant feedback: face-to-face / phone conversation

medium

rich or lean media richness?

slower feedback: messaging

order in media richness hierarchy

order in ___ ___ hierarchy:

1. face-to-face
2. video conferencing
3. telephone
4. text chat / IM
5. email/letters
6. poster

Media Richness Theory

Theoretical argument of ___ ___ Theory:

richer media are not always better than leaner media

the media use is most effective if the richness of the media matches or fits the equivocality of the communication task

equivocality

the degree to which a decision-making situation and information related to it are subject to multiple interpretations

1st era

Which era of 5 eras in the history of computers and the Internet:

1954-1963

scientific and engineering applications (conduct numerical calculations, research purposes)

military focus (Cold War)

machine-specific programming languages - lack of compatibility across different machines

primitive computers by today's standards (large size, punch cards, magnetic tape storage)

pre-internet era: isolated computers (no internet)

value: do things more quickly

2nd era

Which era of 5 eras in the history of computers and the Internet:

1964-1976

computers got connected - ARPANET constructed in 1969

new computer architecture established to differentiate business applications and scientific computations

two divisions of computer development: (1) super computers for military use/research; (2) modern, lower-end computers for business (IBM)

standardized programming languages

3rd era

Which era of 5 eras in the history of computers and the Internet:

1977-1984

Users became involved in system development
- computers became more user friendly

increasing focus on business / commercial applications

IBM's first PC was invented in 1981 - affordable, portable, easier to operate

easy-to-use operating systems and interface (Microsoft DOS)

1983: required use of IP and TCP protocols to regulate how packets were transmitted

1984: ARPANET split into two networks: ARPANET and MILNET

internet protocol

IP

transmission and control protocols

TCP

4th era

Which era of 5 eras in the history of computers and the Internet:

1985-1996

PCs popularized

user-driven software and programs

commercialization of the Internet and applications

5th era

Which era of 5 eras in the history of computers and the Internet:

1997-2005

diffusion of the internet

www growth: "web 1.0"
- static websites that provide information vs interaction

search engines became a driving force because of increased information on the web

mobile computing was not "smart" yet

dot-com bubble: financial crisis - over-investment into the internet

1990

when was WWW (world wide web) created?

decentralized packet switching computer network

more robust, resilient, flexible than a centralized network

What is the fundamental mechanism of the computer network (internet)?

The first Internet

Created by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)

What is ARPANET?

Department of Defense (Pentagon)

Who founded ARPANET?

1969

When was ARPANET (the first internet) found?

1983 - 3rd era

What year and era required use of IP and TCP?

1st era

What era was 1954-1963?

2nd era

What era was 1964-1976?

3rd era

What era was 1977-1984?

4th era

What era was 1985-1996?

5th era

What era was 1997-2004?

new era

2004-now

new era

Which era is this:

"web 2.0"

mobile communication and computing - rise of smart phones and mobile apps

cloud computing

augmented reality

web 1.0

Web X.0 is:

focus on publishing information

web 2.0

Web X.0 is:

focus on searching and sharing information about users and user interaction

1969

when was the Internet created?

1990

when was WWW created?

1971

When was email created

Mosaic

What is the first graphical browser

1993

When was Mosiac created

1994

What year did commercial users outnumber academic users 2-1

1995

What year:

NSFNET back to research network

Internet was commercialized: AOL, Prodigy, Compuserve, Delify

National Science Foundation Network

What is NSFNET

reinvention

After the 5 types of technology adopters, what is the new added 6th type?

internet

Internet vs WWW: which one is this

global network connecting millions of independent computers

decentralized

world wide web

Internet vs WWW: which one is this

information-sharing model built on top of the internet using the HTTP protocol to transmit data.

uses browsers to access web pages linked via hyperlinks

the "big three"

this is the "___ ___"

Artificial Intelligence
Big data
Cloud computing

cloud computing

storage of data

software on the internet

performance of computational tasks away from computers taking place on servers / internet

cloud storage

examples of ___ ___ systems:

Dropbox, Google Docs, iCloud, Box, SkyDrive

the cloud

these are advantages of the ___:

flexibility, mobility, portability, mostly free, supports collaborative work, no need to back up work

the cloud

cons of the ___:

dead without internet, limited storage, privacy and security

augmented reality

the interaction of superimposed graphics, audio, and other sense enhancements over real-world environment that is displayed in real-time

augmented reality

AR

wearable technology and games

current application of augmented reality:
apple watch, google glass, pokemon go

unintended consequences

three types of ____ ____:
1. a positive unexpected benefit
2. a potential source of problems
3. a negative or perverse effect

smart mobs

___ ___:

a form of self-organizing social group through technology-mediated, intelligent "emergent behavior"

volume, velocity, variety, veracity

the four V's of Big Data

volume

4 V's of Big Data:

scale of data, size

velocity

4 V's of Big Data:

analysis of streaming data, network connections, trade information

variety

4 V's of Big Data:

different forms of data - nature, source, types (videos, tweets, content)

diversified types of data

veracity

4 V's of Big Data:

uncertainty of data about accuracy, the right kind of data

does data truthfully represent what you are collecting

artificial intelligence (AI)

the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs

non-human agents think and act like humans

artificial intelligence (AI)

components of ___ ___:

perception and cognition
machine learning and reasoning
planning and problem-solving
communication
motion and manipulation
social and affective computing - ability to interact, identify emotions