AP Euro Chapter Terms: Ch. 26 — Inter War Period

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust

Aryans

Germanic people seen as superior race by Hitler; blonde hair, blue eyes

Bauhaus School of Art

teaching staff consisted of architects, artists and designers who worked together to blend the study of fine arts with the applied arts

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943); led Italy to conquer Ethiopia; joined Germany in the Axis pact; was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy

Blackshirts

Mussolini's private army for scaring and intimidating opposition

Burning of the Reichstag

German government building set afire, Hitler blamed Jews and Communists; led to his rise to power

Carl Jung

came to believe Freud's theories were too narrow; saw two layers of the unconscious, personal and collective

Collectivization

creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in Communist regimes

Dadaism

movement that was ignited by the atrocities of World War I; attempted to preserve the purposelessness of life; gained fame through staged performances designed to demonstrate the meaninglessness of life

Dawes Plan

plan to revive the German economy: United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from U.S; circular flow of money was a success

Enabling Act

gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years so he could "help" Germany

Ernst Rohm

German army officer and Nazi leader; co-founder of the Sturmabteilung (SA, assault battalion) and later was SA commander; executed on Hitler's orders, in 1934, as a potential rival

Fascism

governmental system led by dictator that has complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism

Five Year Plans

plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928; set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products, were enforced by the police powers of the state

Fuhrerprinzip

Nazi leadership principle; entitled a single-minded party under one leader

Functionalism

idea of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish; idea that be function of an objection determine its design and materials

General Strike of 1926

British labor dispute after wages were lowered to make British products competitive in a global market; began with coal miners, joined by other industries

Heinrich Himmler

became head of the SS; entrusted by Hitler with administration of the "Final Solution" to the Jewish Question; responsible for the death of 6 million Jews

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

it is impossible to simultaneously determine the position and energy (or velocity) of an electron

Hermann Göring

German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war; Hitler's Reich Marshal; 1893-1946

Hitler Youth

Germany's young men and women who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler; the Hitler Youth organization "brainwashed" the children and convinced them of German superiority

Hyperinflation in Germany 1923

to help pay the reparation payments Germany owed to the winning countries of WWI, they printed a lot of money and the German mark became worthless

Joseph Goebbels

chief minister of Nazi propaganda; organizer of Kristallnacht

Joseph Stalin

defeated Trotsky, after Lenin died, to gain power in the USSR; created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry; tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator until his death

Josephine Baker

African-American actress, singer, opera performer, first black women to star in major motion picture; she moved to France

Kellogg-Briand Pact

signed in 1928 by US, France, UK, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states; renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass"; Nov 9, 1938; on which Nazi troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany

Labor Front

government required workers and employers to participate in this organization intended to demonstrate that class conflict had ended

League of Nations

international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; failed because it was essentially powerless

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Leon Blum

France's first socialist PM; during his one year in office, he instituted a number of important social reforms, including the 40-hour work week; government took more active role in economy by increasing public spending and helping workers gain salary increases

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin build up the army; kicked out by Stalin

The Little Entente

French alliance between the smaller countries of Romania, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia; created in 1921; attempt by France to counterbalance German power

Luftwaffe

German air force

March on Rome

Mussolini and army of fascists blackshirts marched on Rome, demanded the resignation of the existing government; king was compelled to place Mussolini as the dictator for a year (he had achieved his high status and position "legally")

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle" by Hitler; became the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession with belief in Aryan supremacy

Motion Pictures

one of the first mass entertainment industries; provided a medium through which people of the 20s could enjoy some leisure

Nazi Party

political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933

Night of the Long Knives

night that Hitler ordered Gestapo to assassinate or capture SA leaders in order to gain more power

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood

Old Bolsheviks

members of original October Revolution of the Bolsheviks, first targets of Stalin; first victims of Great Purges

Oswald Spengler

writer who published "The Decline of the West" in which he argues that Western Civilization was in its old age and would soon be conquered by East Asia

Personality Cult

promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual

Policy of Coercion

founded primarily on a strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles; began with issue of reparations

Politburo

seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia

The Roaring Twenties

nickname given to 1920s which emphasized social, artistic, and cultural change

SA

Nazi paramilitary force which protected Hitler, played a key role in his rise to power; one of its first leaders was Hermann Göring; important because they were responsible for most of the violence against Jews and allowing Hitler's rise to power

Socialist Realism

artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light

Spanish Popular Front

party that won the Spanish election in 1936 (therefore being legitimate successors) before Falangists wanted power and Franco began the Civil War

Spirit of Locarno

series of treaties that were signed in Locarno, Switzerland; settled Germany's border disputes with France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland; Germany and Soviet Union signed these, after which they were able to join the League of Nations

Stakhanovites

important example of Soviet propaganda used to exemplify the ultimate Soviet citizen; stresses meeting one's quota for the government

The Stalinist Era

economic, political, and social revolution that industrialized with the use of Stalin's five year plans and resulted in the deaths of millions; 1929-1939

Surrealism

movement in art emphasizing the expression of imagination as realized in dreams and presented without conscious control

Totalitarian State

government controlled by single party that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

Treaty of Locarno

guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium

Triumph of the Will

Nazi propaganda film that was created in 1936 by Leni Riefenstahl to show the might of the Nazi party at a rally in Nuremberg

Weimar Republic

democratic government which ruled over Germany from 1919 to 1933; Germany's first democracy; failed miserably; had leaders such as Stresemann and Hindenburg

World Revolution

Marxist belief that communism would come about only through a world wide revolution to end class conflict