Abraham Maslow

Acceptance of democratic values.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Acceptance of self, others, and nature.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Accurate and full perception of reality.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Aesthetic needs.

Innate need for such qualities as symmetry, closure, and order, observed most clearly in children and in self-actualizing adults.

Ashrams.

Retreats in India where ordinary citizens can go for various periods of time to escape everyday anxieties and reflect on the meaning of their lives.

B-cognition.

See Being cognition.

Being cognition (also called B-perception or B-cognition).

Thinking or perceiving that is governed by B-values rather than by D-motives. Such cognition is richer and fuller than D-cognition.

Being motivation (also called growth motivation).

Motivation governed by the pursuit of B-values instead of by the satisfaction of basic deficiencies. See also Being values.

Being values (B-values) (also called metamotives).

Those higher aspects of life pursued by self-actualizing individuals. Included are such values as truth, goodness, beauty, justice, and perfection.

Belongingness and love needs.

Third cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs. Included are the needs for affiliation with others and for the feeling of being loved.

B-love.

Deep, nonpossessive, insatiable, emotional relationship that is not aimed at satisfying any particular need. Such love contrasts with D-love.

B-perception.

See Being cognition.

Continued freshness of appreciation.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Creativity.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

D-cognition.

See Need-directed perception.

D-love.

Motivated by the need for love and belongingness. Such love is selfish because it satisfies a personal deficiency. Such love contrasts with B-love.

Deep friendships with only a few people.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Deficiency motivation (D-motivation).

Motivation governed by the basic needs. Characterizes the lives of individuals who are not self-actualizing.

Deficiency motive (D-motive).

Needs or deficiencies that exist in the hierarchy of needs prior to the level of self-actualization.

Desacralization

Any process that distorts human nature and depicts it as less marvelous and dignified than it is.

Desire to know and understand.

Innate curiosity that Maslow believed was functionally related to the ability to satisfy all Detachment and a need for privacy. Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

D-perception.

See Need-directed perception.

Esalen Institute.

Institute in California modeled after the Indian ashram where non-healthy people can further develop their inner resources.

Esteem needs

Fourth cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs. Included are the needs for status, prestige, competence, and confidence.

Eupsychia.

Maslow's name for the utopia that he believed a community of healthy adults could create.

Eupsychian management.

Industrial or societal management that attempts to consider the basic human needs as Maslow viewed them.

Fourth-force psychology.

See Transpersonal

Freedom within limits.

Maslow's description of what he considered the optimal psychological atmosphere for a child to experience.

Growth center.

Western equivalent of the Indian ashram. A place where healthy individuals can expand their potentialities. See also Esalen Institute.

Growth motivation.

See Being motivation.

Guru.

Spiritual leader of an ashram.

Hierarchy of human needs.

Arrangement of the needs from lowest to highest in terms of their potency.

Holistic-analytic approach to science.

Strategy of studying an object of interest as a totality rather than attempting to reduce it to its component parts.

Humanistic psychology (also called third-force psychology).

Approach to psychology that emphasizes the experiencing per-son, creativity, the study of socially and personally significant problems, and the dignity and enhancement of people.

Identification with all of humanity.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Independence from the environment and culture.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Instinctoid.

Term Maslow used to describe the nature of the human needs. An instinctoid need is innate but weak and is easily modified by environmental conditions.

Jonah complex.

The fear of one's own potential greatness and the ambivalent feelings toward greatness in others.

Metamotives.

See Being values.

Metapathology.

Psychological disorder that results when a being motive is not allowed proper expression.

Need-directed perception (also called D-perception or D-cognition).

Perception motivated by a search for objects or events that will satisfy a basic need; for example, a hungry person looks for food.

Nonconformity.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Peak experiences.

Mystical, oceanic experiences that are accompanied by a feeling of ecstasy or rapture. Such experiences were thought by Maslow to reach their full magnitude as B-values are fully embraced.

Physiological needs.

Most basic cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs. Included are the needs for water, food, oxygen, sleep, elimination, and sex.

Positive psychology.

Field in contemporary psychology that explores the higher aspects of humans but does so in a way that is more scientifically rigorous and less self-centered than was humanistic psychology.

Problem oriented rather than self-oriented.

Characterizes the self actualizing person.

Reductive-analytic approach to science

Strategy of reducing an object of interest to its component parts in order to study and understand it.

Safety needs.

Second cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs. Included is the need for order, security, and predictability.

Self-actualization.

Highest level in the hierarchy of needs, which can be reached only if the preceding need levels have been adequately satisfied. The self-actualizing individual operates at full capacity and is B-motivated rather than D-motivated.

Sense of humor that is unhostile.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness.

Characterize the self-actualizing person.

Strong ethical sense.

Characterizes the self-actualizing person.

Synergy.

Working together. Individuals in a community characterized by synergy work in harmony and are not in conflict with their society.

Third-force psychology.

Humanistic psychology, which was viewed by Maslow and others as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

Transpersonal psychology (also called fourth-force psychology.

Psychology that examines the human relationship to the cosmos or to something "bigger than we are" and the mystical, spiritual, or peak experiences that the realization of such a relationship produces