Motor Control & Learning

Acceleration

________ describes the change in velocity during a movement.

INTERTRIAL VARIABILITY

________: whether the regulatory conditions during performance are the same or different from one attempt to perform the skill to another.

Thermoreceptors

________: primarily responsive to thermal energy.

Brain damage

________ can impair visuomotor skill but leave conscious vision intact.

Displacement

________ is the change in spatial position of a limb, joint, or object during a movement.

Chemoreceptors

________: primarily responsive to certain chemical substances e.g., taste receptors, smell receptors.

fovea

The ________ is a roughly circular depression in the center of the macula.

Golgi tendon organs

________ are muscle force sensors.

Velocity

________ describes rate of change in spatial position relative to time.

mechanical stimulation

Respond to ________ associated with the angular positions of joints, movement of joints, the orientation of body segments, tensions in ligaments, tendons and other connective tissues, muscle length, and changes in muscle length.

Humans

________ learn motor skills (i.e., actions), we do not learn movements.

Eye movements

________ in response to stimulation of neck proprioceptors (cervico- ocular reflexes) exist, but normally contribute very little.

KINEMATICS

________: the study and description of movement without consideration of the forces that cause the movement (e.g., position, displacement, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration) DYNAMICS (or KINETICS): the study and description of the causal processes that produce movement (e.g., force and torque)

Motor skills

________ refer to performance that ‘, muscular, that is, where muscular activity is the primary determinant is goal attainment.

retina

The ________ contains photoreceptors: the rod and cone cells.

whole image

Function: Keep the ________ steady on the retina when the head jiggles, bobs, nods, rolls, or sways Movement type: Conjugate.

Photoreceptor

________: primarily responsive to light.

Gentile

________ proposed a 2D classification system based on two general characteristics of all motor skills:

Skills

________ entail a broad range of human behaviors.

Respond

________ to stimulation produced by physiological processes within the body.

EMG signals

Processed ________ can be used to obtain measures of muscle activity.

Constant error

________ measures the bias in responding.

external objects

The perception of body movements and position: contains information about ________, substances, and events.

OBJECT MANIPULATION

________: refers to maintaining or changing the position of an object.

Foveal vision

________ has high acuity; peripheral vision has low acuity.

Root mean square error

________ is a measure of overall accuracy.

length of time

Information about the timing of stimulus: the ________ for which the receptor responds carries information about the ________ for which stimulation is present.

performance of any motor skill

The ________ is influenced by the individual, the task, and the environment.

Motor modifiability

________- the ability to alter a movement pattern, even as it is being executed.

Motor consistency

________- the individual is able to reliably produce the result.

Environmental context REGULATORY CONDITIONS

________: features of the environmental context to which movements must conform if they are to achieve the action goal.

Absolute error

________ measures overall accuracy in responding.

Ventral stream

________- underlies what we normally think of as seeing- i.e., vision- for- perception Dorsal stream- underlies the visual control of voluntary action- i.e., vision- for- action.

Brain damage

________ can impair conscious vision but leaves Visuomotor skill intact.

Motor skills

________ are directed toward the accomplishments of specific environmental goals, and goal attainment is importantly dependent on movement.

Skill

________: A learned, goal- directed activity entailing a broad range of human behaviors.

Eye movements

Process: ________ generated in response to stimulation of vestibular organs (vestibular- ocular reflexes)

Motor skills

________ are typically evaluated in terms of outcome.

Skills

________ are goal- oriented; they are directed toward the attainment of a specific goal (voluntary)

Motor Skills

________: is a learned, goal- directed activity accomplished primarily through muscular contributions to action and entailing a broad range of human behaviors.

Skill

A learned, goal-directed activity entailing a broad range of human behaviors

Motor Skills

is a learned, goal-directed activity accomplished primarily through muscular contributions to action and entailing a broad range of human behaviors

Motor equivalence

the ability to use different movements, produced by either the same or different parts of the body, to perform a task under different conditions

Motor variability

the natural variation in postures, movements and muscle activity observed to different extents in all tasks

Motor modifiability

the ability to alter a movement pattern, even as it is being executed

Motor consistency

the individual is able to reliably produce the result

DEGREES OF FREEDOM

refers to the number of individual components in a system and the number of ways each component can vary

Size of the musculature (or movement precision)

Fine / Gross

Temporal predictability (or where task begins and ends)

Discrete / Continuous

Stability of the environment

Closed / Open

Environmental context REGULATORY CONDITIONS

features of the environmental context to which movements must conform if they are to achieve the action goal

INTERTRIAL VARIABILITY

whether the regulatory conditions during performance are the same or different from one attempt to perform the skill to another

Function of the action BODY ORIENTATION

refers to whether the performance of the skill involves moving the body from one location to another

OBJECT MANIPULATION

refers to maintaining or changing the position of an object

If a good EMG signal is obtained, it can be used to make various measures of muscle activity

-when a muscle becomes active and inactive when its activity changes -how long it is active for -how its level of activity depends on different conditions

Photoreceptor

primarily responsive to light

Mechanoreceptor

primarily responsive to mechanical energy e.g., vestibular receptors, touch receptors

Chemoreceptors

primarily responsive to certain chemical substances e.g., taste receptors, smell receptors

Thermoreceptors

primarily responsive to thermal energy

The perception of body movements and position

contains information about external objects, substances, and events

Information about stimulus strength

the size of the receptor potential (and consequently the ring rate of the afferent axon) carries information about the strength of stimulation

Information about the timing of stimulus

the length of time for which the receptor responds carries information about the length of time for which stimulation is present

Information about stimulus type

due to its selectivity, when a receptor responds, its response carries the information that that type of stimulation is present

Information about stimulus location

a particular receptor is located at a particular place and responds to stimulation applied at that location

Process

Eye movements generated in response to stimulation of vestibular organs (vestibular-ocular reflexes)

The retina contains photoreceptors

the rod and cone cells