Psychological Disorders

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear and avoidance of social situations

Social Anxiety Disorder: Sociocultural

Previous experience with bullying and loneliness

Social Anxiety Disorder: Behavioral

negative associations with previous poor experiences socially that are now generalized to all experiences

Social Anxiety Disorder: Cognitive

Intrusive thoughts that others are judging them

Social Anxiety Disorder: Biological

Increased amygdala activity and stress response triggered by intrusive thoughts

Social Anxiety Disorder: treatment

Exposure therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Individual is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Cognitive

Chronic and intrusive worry and thoughts of being out of control

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Biological

Over-reactivity of the amygdala and stress responses

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Psychodynamic

Childhood fears of not being loved by parents

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Therapies

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Anti-Anxiety medication

Panic Disorder (and Agoraphobia)

Anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable episodes of dread where a person may experience terror and chest pain. This may trigger fear and avoidance of these situations (another feature of the disorder in itself)

Panic Disorder (and Agoraphobia): Cognitive Behavioral

Anxiety Sensitivity: fear that negative emotions and physical states of arousal will become out of control.

Panic Disorder (and Agoraphobia): Biological

Dysregulation of GABA which inhibits neural activity and eases stress responses so a lack of it can lead to intense bouts of stress responses

Panic Disorder (and Agoraphobia): therapies

Cognitive behavioral therapy, anti anxiety medication

Agoraphobia therapies

Exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy

Specific Phobia

Persistent irrational fear of an object, situation, etc

Specific phobia: behavioral

Classical conditioning of a phobia unintentionally through some experience usually a traumatic childhood experience

Specific Phobia: Treatment

Exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors

Obsessive compulsive disorder: cognitive and behavioral

Intrusive thoughts that something is not right are relieved by an action or compulsion

Obsessive compulsive disorder: psychodynamic

Often stems from development with respect to how the superego molded the ego, which develops a sense that the ego is not enough and that it must do something to be loved or to ensure that all is well

Obsessive compulsive disorder: therapies

Exposure with response prevention, cognitive behavioral therapy

PTSD

Haunting memories hypervigilence avoidance of situations numbness of feeling that lingers over four weeks after traumatic event

PTSD: Behavioral

Role of classical and operant conditioning based on the trauma

PTSD: cognitive

Powerful and painful memories that dominate the conscious mind and are early triggered by associations from environment

PTSD: Biological

Stress response triggered by pituitary adrenal glands when a dangerous situation is perceived

PTSD: therapies

Prolonged exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy

Major depressive disorder: cognitive

Destructive thoughts of worthlessness, hopelessness, of being a bad person or unworthy that trigger excessive guilt self harm and low self esteem

Major depressive disorder: behavioral

Lack of positive reinforcement in one’s life

Major depressive disorder: biological

Low serotonin, low noephinepherine low dopamine, smaller hippocampus

Major depressive disorder: psychodynamic

Grief and aggression turned inward

Major depressive disorder: therapies

Cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants, electric stimulation therapy

Persistent depressive disorder: therapies

Cognitive behaviors therapy, antidepressants

Persistent depressive disorder

Person experiences depressed mood for majority of days for over two years

Major depressive disorder

Person experiences five or more symptoms over two weeks

Bipolar I:

Most severe form of disorder in which an individual experienced long instances of euphoria filled with ambition for over two weeks followed by depression

Bipolar I: therapies

Cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants, lithium (mood stabilizers), antipsychotics (dopamine regulation)

Bipolar I: biological

Low serotonin, low dopamine, smaller hippocampus

Bipolar II: biological

Low serotonin, low dopamine, smaller hippocampus

Bipolar II: therapies

Cognitive behavioral therapies, antidepressants

Schizophrenia:

Disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and negative symptoms

Schizophrenia: biological

Dopamine hypothesis and brain regions and growth-larger ventricles leading to possible problems in the growth of the prefrontal cortex

Schizophrenia: therapies

Antipsychotics, cognitive behavioral therapy

Dissociative identity disorder:

Rare group of disorders in which a person exhibits two personalities within one person

Dissociative identity disorder: biological

Profound early childhood trauma

Dissociative identity disorder: psychodynamic

Defense mechanisms to deny the events or a person is real

Dissociative identity disorder: therapies

Therapies for the merging of identities

Dissociative Amnesia:

People with intact brains report experiencing memory gaps, not remembering traumatic events, people, places

Dissociative Amnesia: biological

Stroke, head injury, brain injury

Dissociative Amnesia: therapies

Memory therapy

Antisocial Personality Disorder:

Individual lacks a consciousness of wrongdoing and emotion in other beings

Antisocial Personality Disorder: biological

Lack of activity in the frontal lobe

Antisocial Personality Disorder: cognitive

Early life experiences with violence and modeling of violence

Antisocial Personality Disorder: therapies

Vary by disorder, dialectical behavioral therapy, medications

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa:

Altered consumption or absorption of food that inhibits functioning

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa:cognitive

Need for control in one’s life which is projected onto the body through perfectionism and high expectations for body image. Body = self worth

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: behavioral

Early exposure to dieting and reinforcement of losing weight or looking a certain way

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: sociocultural

Media messages and images of what is desirable in a body

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Biological

Puberty changes body which is evidence of reward pathway responding to the ability to not eat

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: therapies

Cognitive behavioral therapy, medications for depression and anxiety, art therapy