Untitled Flashcards Set

Eastern Woodlands Peoples

Native American societies such as the Algonquin, Iroquoian, and Muskogean that dominated the Atlantic seaboard.

Adena-Hopewell Cultures

A network of ancient Native American societies in the Ohio Valley known for monumental earthworks and intricate burial mounds.

Anasazi

Also known as Ancestral Pueblos, a major Southwest culture characterized by a lack of rigid social classes and defensive warfare.

Cahokia

A major pre-Columbian Native American city known for its large farming settlements and monumental earthworks, which collapsed around 1400 AD.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World following Columbus' voyages.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru, seizing Atahualpa for ransom.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador known for leading the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Encomienda

A Spanish labor system that granted colonists authority over a specified number of indigenous people in exchange for their protection and Christianization.

Giovanni Verrazano

Italian explorer sent by France who explored the North American coast, reaching areas such as Cape Fear and Maine.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer known for his expeditions to Canada, establishing New France and exploring the St. Lawrence River.

Mayflower Compact

The first governing document of Plymouth Colony, establishing a form of self-government for the settlers.

House of Burgesses

The first elected legislative assembly in colonial America, established in Virginia in 1619.

Headright System

A land grant program in Jamestown, Virginia, that provided settlers with 50 acres of land for paying their own passage.

Maryland Toleration Act

A 1649 law that granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland, enacted by the Calvert family.

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania, who promoted religious freedom, equality, and fair treatment of Native Americans.

Popham Colony

A short-lived English settlement in Maine that failed due to harsh conditions and internal conflicts.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company responsible for establishing the Jamestown settlement in 1607.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan spiritual leader who challenged the gender norms of her time, leading to her banishment from Massachusetts Bay.

Roger Williams

English theologian and founder of Rhode Island known for advocating for religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A self-governing Puritan colony founded in 1628 that sought to create a pious community.

Calvert Family

A prominent Catholic family that founded Maryland as a refuge for Catholics in the New World.

Virginia

1607

Massachusetts

1620 (Plymouth) and 1628 (Massachusetts Bay)

New Hampshire

1623

Maryland

1634

Connecticut

1636

Rhode Island

1636

Delaware

1638

North Carolina

1653

South Carolina

1663

New York

1624 (New Amsterdam), renamed in 1664

New Jersey

1664

Pennsylvania

1681

Georgia

1732

New England Colonies

Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

John Rolfe

A Virginia colonist known for his role in the tobacco industry and for marrying Pocahontas, which helped establish peace between the English settlers and Native Americans.

Anglican Church

A tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches that are in communion with it, known for its liturgical practices and an emphasis on the authority of scripture and tradition.

St. Augustine

Founded in 1565, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the continental United States.

Samuel de Champlain

A French explorer known as the 'Father of New France' for founding Quebec and mapping much of northeastern North America.

Richard Hakluyt

An English writer and geographer known for his works promoting the exploration of the Americas, particularly through his publication 'Principall Navigations' which encouraged English colonization.

Richard Hakluyt's Reasons for Colonization

1. Economic gains through trade and resources from the New World. 2. Establishing English presence to counter Spanish dominance in the Americas. 3. The spread of Christianity and civilizing the indigenous populations.

Martin Frobisher

An English explorer and privateer known for his attempts to discover the Northwest Passage, he made three voyages to the Arctic in the 1570s.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

An English explorer and soldier known for his attempts to establish the first permanent English colony in North America, ultimately leading to the failed colony of Newfoundland.

Walter Raleigh

An English explorer and courtier known for popularizing tobacco in England and for attempting to establish a settlement on Roanoke Island, which ultimately failed.

Roanoke Colony

Founded in 1585, it was an English settlement on Roanoke Island that ultimately failed.

Jamestown

Established in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in North America, known for its struggles with disease, starvation, and conflicts with Native Americans.

What was the significance of the Virginia Charter?

It granted the Virginia Company the authority to establish settlements and govern the colony under English law.

Who were the Pilgrims?

A group of Separatists who founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620, seeking religious freedom from the Church of England.

Who was William Brewster?

A leader of the Pilgrims and a key figure in the establishment of Plymouth Colony; he served as the colony's elder and spiritual guide.

What role did John Carver play in Plymouth Colony?

He was the first governor of Plymouth Colony, serving from 1620 until his death in 1621, and helped organize the Mayflower’s voyage.

How did William Bradford contribute to Plymouth Colony?

Serving as governor for many years, he documented the colony's history in "Of Plymouth Plantation," providing valuable insights into early colonial life.

Who was William Laud?

The Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Charles I, known for his strict enforcement of Anglican conformity.He played a significant role in the English Civil War due to his controversial religious policies that alienated Puritans and other dissenters.

Who was John Winthrop?

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, serving from 1630 to 1649, and a leading figure in the Puritan migration to America.He envisioned the colony as a "city upon a hill," promoting a model of Christian community.

Who was William Coddington?

A prominent early settler in New England, he was a founding figure of the colony of Rhode Island and served as its first governor. He was known for advocating religious freedom and separation of church and state.