Untitled Flashcards Set

European Colonization

Indian Cultures in North America

Eastern Woodlands Peoples: Three linguistic groups

• Various Native Americans societies, particularly the Algonquin, Iroquoian, and Muskogean regional groups, who once dominated the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to Louisiana.  

Adena-Hopewell, Anasazi

• Between 700 BC and 200 AD, the Adena and later Hopewell societies developed communities in the Ohio Valley. The Adena-Hopewell cultures grew corn, squash, beans, and sunflowers, as well as tobacco for smoking. They left behind enormous earthworks and elaborate burial mounds shaped like snakes, birds, and other animals. 

• The most widespread of the Southwest Pueblo cultures were the Anasazi (Ancestral Pueblos), or the Basketmakers. Unlike the Mexicas or the Incas, however, Ancestral Pueblos did not have a rigid class structure. The Ancestral Pueblos only engaged in warfare as a means of self-defense, and the religious leaders and the warriors worked as much as the rest of the people did.  

Cahokia

• The Cahokians constructed an enormous farming settlement with monumental public buildings, spacious ceremonial plazas, and more than eighty flat-topped earthen mounds with thatched-roof temples on top. At the height of its influence, Cahokia hosted 15,000 people on some 3,200 acres. 

• Cahokia, however, vanished around 1400. Its collapse remains a mystery, but the overcutting of trees to make fortress walls may have set in motion ecological changes that doomed the community when a massive earthquake struck. The loss of trees led to widespread flooding and the erosion of topsoil, which forced residents to seek better land across the Midwest and into what is now the American South. 

Spain

Columbus

• Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who is known for his voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. He made his first voyage in 1492, departing from Spain and reaching the Caribbean islands. Columbus was searching for a westward route to Asia to establish trade and spread Christianity. He made a total of four voyages to the Americas, with his last voyage ending in 1504. These voyages led to the discovery of the Americas and had a significant impact on the history of the world.

Columbian Exchange

• They also brought plants and animals which set in motion what came to be called the Columbian Exchange, a worldwide transfer of plants, animals, and diseases, which ultimately worked in favor of the Europeans at the expense of the indigenous peoples. 

Amerigo Vespucci

• In 1499, with the support of Portugal’s monarchy, Vespucci sailed across the Atlantic, landing first at Brazil and then exploring along 3000 miles of the South Americans coastline in search of a passage to Asia. In the end, Vespucci decided that South America was so extensive and so densely populated that it must be a new continent. In 1507, a German mapmaker paid tribute to Amerigo Vespucci’s navigational skills by labeling the New World using the feminine Latin variant of the explorer’s first name: America. 

Francisco Pizzaro

• F. Pizarro - 1531 - his contract was to explore further South and explore the empire of the Inca. It was a large empire of over 35 million. 18,000 miles of paved roads. Pizarro has 180 men and 27 horses, and he encounters the Inca King. Pizzaro seizes Atahualpa and holds him hostage; the King pays a 13,000 lbs of gold and 26,000 lbs of silver as ransom.

• Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire in what is now Peru in the 16th century. He was born in 1471 in Trujillo, Spain, and had little formal education but was known for his military prowess and leadership skills. Pizarro's expedition to the Inca Empire was motivated by the desire for wealth and power, and he was successful in overthrowing the Inca ruler Atahualpa in 1532. Despite initial success, Pizarro faced challenges from other Spanish colonizers and was assassinated in Lima in 1541.

Hernan Cortes

• H. Cortez Exped - 1519-1522 - Cortez in minor Spanish nobility; He learns of a city of massive wealth in the interior of Mexico; he leads a expedition of 553 men and 16 horses into the interior Mexico in search of the Aztec capital. They began to gain support from other Indian tribes that were conquered by the Aztecs. Cortez found 8,000 lbs of Gold.

  • (F. Gomara) B. Diaz - a man on the Cortez expedition, said that the Aztec were entirely unfamiliar with the horse. 

  • They also brought with them European disease. 1519 - 25 million natives; 1575 - 2.5 million natives. 

• Hernan Cortez was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in what is now Mexico in the early 16th century. He was born in 1485 in Medellin, Spain, and was educated at the University of Salamanca. Cortez's expedition was motivated by the desire for wealth and power, and he formed alliances with local indigenous groups to overthrow the Aztec ruler Montezuma in 1521. Despite initial success, Cortez faced challenges from other Spanish colonizers and was eventually forced to return to Spain. He died in Seville in 1547.

St. Augustine

• 1500-1800 - The Spanish Gold mines in the Americas generates 10x more gold than all of the rest of the world’s gold mines combined

• By 1575, there are between 165,000 to 175,000 in the New World

• 1565 - St. Augustine, Florida becomes a major outpost for the Spanish 

• St. Augustine is a city on the northeastern coast of Florida that was founded by Spanish explorers in 1565. It is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in the continental United States. The city was named after Saint Augustine of Hippo, a Catholic saint and philosopher. St. Augustine was established as a military fortress and trading post, and it played a significant role in Spanish colonial expansion in North America. Today, St. Augustine is a popular tourist destination known for its historic architecture and cultural heritage.

Encomienda

• As the sixteenth century unfolded, the Spanish shifted from looting the indigenous peoples to enslaving them. To reward the conquistadores, the Spanish government transferred to America a medieval socioeconomic system known as the encomienda. Favored soldiers or officials received large parcels of land - and control over the people who lived there. The conquistadores were told to Christianize the Indians and provide them with protection in exchange for “tribute” - a share of their goods and their forced labor. 

French

Giovanni Verrazano

• In 1524, the French king sent Italian Giovanni da Verrazano across the Atlantic. Upon sighting land (probably at Cape Fear, North Carolina), Verrazano ranged along the coast as far north as Maine. On a second voyage, in 1528, he was killed by Caribbean Indians.  

Jacque Cartier

• J. Cartier Exped. 1534, 1535-36, 1541-43

• Cartier wants to establish a colony in the Americas

• Two ships, about 60 men, trying to identify a land to establish a colony

• He might have been on the Verrazano expedition

• Established Charlesbourg Royale, at its peak it had 400 colonists, but the colony collapsed because of its soured relations with indians

• Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who led three expeditions to what is now Canada in the 16th century. He was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, France, and began his career as a sailor and navigator. Cartier's expeditions were motivated by the desire to find a northwest passage to Asia and to claim new territories for France. He explored the St. Lawrence River and established the first French settlement in Canada in 1541, which he named Charlesbourg-Royal. The settlement was abandoned in 1543, however, due to harsh living conditions and conflicts with the local Indigenous peoples. Cartier's expeditions helped establish French influence in North America, and he is considered a significant figure in Canadian history.

Samuel De Champlain - Quebec (1608)

• Quebec July 3, 1608

• Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer and cartographer who played a key role in the establishment of New France in North America. He was born in 1567 in the town of Brouage, France, and began his career as a geographer and explorer. Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608 and established the first French colony in North America. He also explored and mapped much of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes region. Champlain's expeditions helped establish French influence in North America and laid the foundation for the French colonial presence in Canada.

English

Factors in English Colonization

• English colonization during the Colonial era was driven by a variety of factors, including economic opportunities, religious motivations, and a desire for adventure and exploration. The establishment of colonies in North America allowed the English to expand their influence and claim territory in the New World, as well as to compete with other European powers for wealth and resources. Many colonists also saw the opportunity to start fresh and build new societies based on their own values and beliefs. These factors led to the founding of a number of colonies, each with its own unique characteristics and motivations, ultimately shaping the course of American history.

Richard Hakluyt

• owned the East India shipping company, advisor of the Virginia shipping company; 

• He was influential in Elizabeth I ‘s court. 

• He gives three reasons for colonization: 

  • Access to raw materials that they desperately need: gold, silver, timber, pitch, all of the materials to support a fledgling navy

  • Give them opportunities to establish colonies: gives them a workforce to harvest raw materials and establishes a new market for manufactured goods. 

  • It will give the merchants and navy a new port

• Richard Hakluyt was an English geographer and promoter of colonial expansion in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He was born in London, England, in 1553 and died in 1616. Hakluyt's major work, "The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation," was a collection of English travel accounts of the New World, Africa, and the Orient. He believed that England needed to establish colonies to compete with other European powers and create markets for English goods. Hakluyt's advocacy for English colonization influenced the founding of the Virginia Company of London, which established Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America, in 1607.

1576, ‘77, ‘78 - M. Frobisher

• Has 3 ships with him, and he was told to steer clear of the Spanish

• Identifies Frobisher bay

• He identifies a settlement site on the second expedition, and he brings 15 ships and settlers on the third expedition. 

  • The settlement failed because of a power dispute between the settlers. 

• Martin Frobisher was an English seaman and privateer who lived during the 16th century. He is best known for his attempts to discover the Northwest Passage, a hypothetical sea route that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean. Frobisher made three voyages to the Canadian Arctic, between 1576 and 1578, in search of this route. Although he did not succeed in finding the passage, he did make significant contributions to the mapping of the region and the collection of minerals, particularly iron ore. Frobisher's voyages paved the way for further exploration of the Arctic and helped establish English claims to parts of North America.

1578 - H. Gilbert

• Given a 6-year patent (7 ships and 400 men) for exploration and settlement, and was told to steer clear of the Spanish. 

• They are caught in a Hurricane on their way over, and they were forced to go back

1583 - H. Gilbert

• 5 ships in his second expedition, and he actually reached Newfoundland. 

• There was a lot of sickness amongst the crew, and so he quarantined all of the sick into one ship. He makes a tenuous claim on Newfoundland. 

• He hits another Hurricane on his way back, and he perishes. 

• Humphrey Gilbert was an English soldier, navigator, and explorer who lived in the 16th century. He was born in 1539 and died in 1583 during an unsuccessful attempt to establish a colony in North America. Gilbert was a prominent figure in the English colonization of the New World and was granted a patent to explore and colonize the region by Queen Elizabeth I. His goal was to find a Northwest Passage to Asia and establish a settlement in North America. He made several voyages to the New World but failed to establish a successful colony, and his death marked the end of his efforts to colonize the region.

1583 - Patent to W. Raleigh

• Gives a 7-year patent; half brother of Gilbert

  • 1584 - Exped. P. Armadas, A. Barlowe

  • Hired by Raleigh and told to explore the lower North American coast

  • Determined that the Roanoke Island was a great spot for colonization

• 1585 - Exped R. Grenville, R. Lane

  • Grenville was the cousin of Raleigh

  • Lane will be the Governor of Roanoke

  • The colony will be called “Raleigh”

  • Recommends the “Chesapeake Bay” as the ideal place for settlement.

  • F. Drake - Roanoke - A famous pirate Captain who made a courtesy call, and took all of the colonists with him back to England

• 1587 - Raleigh is persuaded by Hakluyt to establish another colony in the New World.

  • 91 Men, 17 Women, and 9 Children. 

  • The captain, rather than delivering them to the Chesapeake Bay, delivered them back to Roanoke. 

  • J. White is the Governor of this colony; his daughter married into the Dare Family. 

  • Virginia Dare is the first English child born in the New World. 

  • “Citte of Raleigh” - name of the second Roanoke settlement

  • White returns back to England to get more supplies and settlers

  • When White returns back to England, England was expecting a Spanish invasion, and so they commandeered White’s vessel. The English defeated the Spanish, but the venture took 3 years.

  • When White returned to Roanoke, the colonists disappeared, and there was no indication where they had gone. 

• Walter Raleigh was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, and explorer during the Elizabethan era. He was born in 1554 in Devon, England, and died in 1618 in London, England. Raleigh is known for his attempts to establish colonies in the New World, including Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. He sponsored expeditions led by Richard Grenville and John White, which resulted in the founding of the short-lived Roanoke Colony. Raleigh's interest in colonization was driven by his desire for wealth and power, as well as his belief in the expansion of English influence and Protestantism.

Virginia Company (Joint-Stock Company):

• Jamestown - founded by the Virginia Co. 

• Joint Stock Co. 

  • Poorer persons can invest their time into the company, agreeing to become a settler in order to turn a profit for the colony. 

• James I (James VI) of England issued the Charter to the Va. Company

  • Divides the Atlantic seaboard in half

  • The colonies have to be at least 100 miles away from each other; this prevents the two companies from competing for the same natural resources. 

• London Co. - 34 th - 41 st P. 

  • Founded Jamestown

  • Got the southern half of the Charter

1607 - Jamestown is founded (105 settlers) (Discovery, Godspeed, Mary Constance)  

• Plymouth Co. - 38 th - 45 th P. 

  • Got the Northern half of the Charter

  • The Plymouth Company, also known as the Council for New England, was a joint-stock company that was granted a royal charter to establish colonies in North America. The Plymouth Company was responsible for establishing the colony of Popham in what is now Maine, as well as the colony of Plymouth in what is now Massachusetts. The Popham Colony was short-lived, lasting only a year, while the Plymouth Colony went on to become one of the most successful and enduring English settlements in North America.

Jamestown (1607) – Virginia Colony; Royal Colony

John Rolfe – Tobacco

• J. Rolfe - 1612 - Tobacco

  • Introduced tobacco to Jamestown

  • Wildly successful

• John Rolfe was an English settler in Jamestown, Virginia, who is credited with introducing tobacco as a cash crop to the colony. He married Pocahontas, the daughter of the Native American Chief Powhatan, which helped to establish a period of peace between the English and the Powhatan tribe. Rolfe's tobacco became highly profitable for the Virginia Company and helped to establish Virginia as a successful colony. He died in 1622 during a Powhatan attack on English settlements. His legacy as a tobacco pioneer has continued in Virginia and beyond.

John Smith

• John Smith was an English explorer and early leader of the Jamestown settlement in Virginia, established in 1607. He was born in 1580 in Lincolnshire, England, and had a reputation for being adventurous and skilled in survival techniques. Smith was chosen to lead the Jamestown colony and helped to establish a trade relationship with the local Powhatan Confederacy. His leadership was essential to the survival of the colony, but he was also known for his contentious relationships with other leaders and for his tendency to embellish his accomplishments. Smith left Jamestown in 1609 and died in London in 1631.

Headright System

• In Jamestown, founded by the Virginia Co., 1618 - every individual that arrives in the colony receives 50 acres of land. 

• Headrights were a land grant program in Jamestown, Virginia, that provided 50 acres of land to settlers who paid for their own passage to the colony. It was instituted in 1618 by the Virginia Company of London in an effort to encourage more colonists to come to the New World. The headright system was used to address the shortage of labor in the colony, and was a way for wealthy individuals to invest in the venture. The system was later expanded to include indentured servants, who were brought over to work the land in exchange for their passage. The headright system was an important factor in the growth of the Virginia colony, as it helped to attract a large number of settlers and provided the basis for the plantation economy that developed in the region.

House of Burgesses

• In Jamestown, founded by the Virginia, Gen Assem. Of Va. - 1619

  • The company told the colony to establish the government

  • The governor chooses the 6 counsellors to make up the assembly and 15 burgesses are elected by the colony. 

• The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative assembly in colonial America. It was established in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia, by the Virginia Company. The House of Burgesses consisted of a council appointed by the governor and elected representatives from each district. Its purpose was to make laws, regulate trade, and levy taxes. The House of Burgesses played a crucial role in the development of representative government in the American colonies.

Anglican Church

• The Puritans believed that the Anglican church was becoming corrupt and Pope-ish, and many churches rejected the Anglican teachings

• Anglicanism - 1619

  • Any settlers who arrived in Jamestown (Virginia) must convert to Anglicanism

• 1702 - Maryland officially becomes Anglican 

Popham's Colony

• Plymouth Co. 

• May 1607, 120 settlers leave for the New World; arrive in August

• G. Popham - nephew of Sir John Popham, appointed leader of the colony

• R. Gilbert - youngest son of Sir Gilbert

• Came too late to New England to plant crops; food must be foraged

• Political dissension; George Popham was the official leader, but people liked Raleigh Gilbert more. 

• Tensions came to a head when half of the settlers went back to New England in December. Their storehouse also went up in flames. 

• Popham dies of malnutrition, leaving Gilbert in charge. 

• Gilbert’s older brother dies, so Raleigh is required to go back to England to take care of his family’s estate. 

• The colonists left back to England with Gilbert, and the colony was disbanded. 

• The Popham Colony was a short-lived English settlement in present-day Maine, established in 1607. It was named after Sir John Popham, a prominent English jurist who helped finance the expedition. The colony was established by the Plymouth Company, and aimed to establish a permanent English presence in the region for trade and exploration purposes. However, the harsh winter, a lack of supplies and conflict with the local Native American tribes led to the failure of the colony within a year. Despite its short-lived existence, the Popham Colony is considered significant in the history of English colonialism in North America.

Plymouth Colony, Pilgrims

• The Pilgrims and Puritans who arrived in Massachusetts were willing to sacrifice everything to create a model Christian society. These self-described “Saints” remained subjects of the king, but they ruled themselves by following God’s biblical commandments. They also resolved to “purify” their church of all Catholic and Anglican rituals. Such holy colonies, they hoped, would provide a living example of righteousness for a wicked England to imitate. 

Mayflower Compact

• Mayflower - Nov. 1620 - 102 settlers

  • Only 35 puritans “saints”; 67 non-religious guys “strangers”

• M. Compact - J. Carver, WM Brewster, WM Bradford

  • First significant document in New England history

  • The colonists would create and enact laws to the benefit of the colony; and they would create one society and work together to further it. 

  • The colonists would remain loyal subjects of King James

• The Mayflower Compact was a document signed on November 21, 1620, by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower before they landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts. It was a social contract that established a basic form of government for the new colony, with each signer agreeing to follow laws and regulations for the general good of the community. The Compact established a tradition of self-government in the New World and served as a model for later American documents, such as the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. It was signed by 41 of the male passengers on the Mayflower and has become an important symbol of American democracy and the rule of law.

Massachusetts Bay Colony, Puritans; Corporate (Self-Governing Colony);

William Laud

• William Laud was the Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Charles I in England. He was known for his strict enforcement of conformity to the Anglican Church, which led to a crackdown on Puritanism and dissent. Laud also promoted a "beauty of holiness" approach to worship, emphasizing the use of ornate ceremony and decoration in church services. He was a controversial figure, seen by some as a champion of orthodoxy and others as a tyrannical oppressor of dissent. Laud's policies contributed to tensions between the King and Parliament, which eventually led to the English Civil War. He was executed in 1645.

Maryland – Calvert family; Proprietary Colony;

• Calvert Family - single ruler of the Maryland Catholic Colony

• Proprietary Colony - ruled by a family

• Geo. (1632 issued a Charter) (First Lord Baltimore), Cecil (Second Lord Baltimore), Leonard (First Governor)

• Maryland Tol. Act - ensure freedom of religion for Christian settlers of diverse persuasions in the colony; it also forbade one resident from referring to another’s religion in a disparaging way.

• Quit Rent - a small payment to the English crown that allowed the Calvert family to rule over Maryland

• Feudal Pyramid- at the top are the Calverts, below them are the Lords of Manor (1000 to 5000 acres of land), at the bottom are the commoners.

• 1702 - Maryland officially becomes Anglican 

• Settlers came on the Ark and the Dove, arriving in 1634. 

• Maryland was a British colony founded in 1634 by the Calvert family, who were Catholic aristocrats seeking a place of refuge for English Catholics who faced persecution in England. The colony was named after Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I. Unlike other colonies, Maryland was founded as a proprietary colony, meaning it was owned by the Calvert family who had the power to govern the colony as they saw fit. The Calverts granted religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland, making it a haven for Catholics, Anglicans, and other religious groups. The colony also had a significant population of enslaved Africans and Native Americans who were forced to work on tobacco plantations.

Ann Hutchinson/Roger Williams

• Rhode Island: R. Williams, A. Hutchinson

• Settled by dissenters of the Mass. Bay Colony. 

• Roger Williams was charged with Sedition and Blasphemy and was forced to leave Mass. Bay Colony

• Roger Williams (1603-1683) was an English theologian and founder of Rhode Island. He immigrated to Boston in 1631 to become a Puritan minister, but his views on religious freedom and separation of church and state led to his banishment. He founded Providence, Rhode Island in 1636, where he established a colony with religious tolerance and respect for Native American land rights. Williams also wrote several influential books, including "The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience" and "A Key into the Language of America," which advocated for religious freedom and understanding of Native American culture. His legacy includes his role in establishing the principle of separation of church and state and the founding of the state of Rhode Island.

• Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan spiritual advisor and preacher who challenged the gender roles and religious doctrines of the male-dominated Massachusetts Bay Colony in the mid-17th century. She held meetings for women and men in her home where she discussed her unconventional interpretations of the Bible, which some saw as heretical. Hutchinson's teachings became popular and threatened the authority of the colony's leaders, who accused her of sedition and banished her from Massachusetts Bay in 1638. She and her followers established Portsmouth in what is now Rhode Island, where she continued to hold religious meetings and advocate for freedom of conscience until her death in 1643.

Pennsylvania/William Penn

• Charles II - (1660-1685) 

• William Penn - 1681 - issued a Charter for colonization by Charles II

  • Introduced a stable frame of Government in Pennsylvania, enacting his Quaker values and promoting equality and tolerance 

  • Granted the inhabitants of Pennsylvania freedom of religious conscience

• Penn was respectful to the Native American tribes. 

• Charter of Privileges for the Province of Pennsylvania, 1701 

  • Religious freedom

  • Free and fair trial by jury

  • Freedom from unjust imprisonment

  • Strengthened separation of Church and State

  • Granted popularly-elected officials the ability to enact laws

  • Balanced power between the offices of the governor, legislature, and judiciary

  • Guaranteed free elections

The thirteen colonies

• New England Colonies:

  • Massachusetts (1620)

  • Rhode Island (1636)

  • Connecticut (1636)

  • New Hampshire (1638)

• Middle Colonies:

  • New York (1664)

  • New Jersey (1664)

  • Pennsylvania (1681)

  • Delaware (1682)

• Southern Colonies:

  • Maryland (1634)

  • Virginia (1607)

  • North Carolina (1664)

  • South Carolina (1669)

  • Georgia (1732)