Mood Disorders and Suicide

Vocabulary flashcards related to Bipolar disorders, depressive disorders and suicide

Mood

Enduring period of emotionality.

Mood Disorders

Characterized by gross deviations in mood. Involves severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression.

Major Depressive Episode

Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.

Anhedonia

Loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities

Mania

Period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria, associated with some mood disorders. People are extraordinarily hyperactive, require little sleep, grandiose planning, believes they can accomplish anything.

Flight of ideas

Rapid and incoherent speech where an individual attempts to express many ideas at once.

Hypomanic episode

Less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause impairment in social or occupational functioning and lasts only 4 days rather than a full week.

Unipolar mood disorder

The experience of either depression or mania. Mania by itself is rare because most people eventually develop depression.

Bipolar mood disorder

Alternate between depression and mania. Mood travel from one pole of the spectrum to the other.

Mixed features

Experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time.

Full remission

Recovery lasting at least 2 months without symptoms.

Partial remission

Some symptoms persist but do not meet full episode criteria.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A single or recurrent episode of depression that is always time-limited

SCID

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, used to guide interviews in screening and diagnosing mental disorders based on the criteria issued in APA DSM-5.

PHQ-9

Patient Health Questionnaire-9

BDI-II

Beck Depression Inventory-II

HAM-D

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, an assessment tool used to screen and measure behavioral manifestations of depression and its severity.

MADRS

Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, a ten-item scale used to assess adults or people aged 18 and above for depression. The scale heavily screens for functional impairment and somatic symptoms.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Depressed mood that continues at least 2 years wherein the patient cannot be symptom free for more than 2 months at a time even if they may not experience all of the symptoms of a major depressive episode

Double Depression

Depressive episodes and persistent depression with fewer symptoms. More difficult to treat than either the major depression or the dysthymia alone

Psychotic Features

Experience psychotic symptoms during depressive/manic episode which may include hallucination (seeing things that are not there) and delusions (strongly held but inaccurate belief).

Mood Congruent

Delusions that are directly related to depression

Mood-Incongruent

Delusions that are not consistent with depressed mood

Anxious distress

Presence and severity of anxiety whether in the form of comorbidity anxiety disorders or anxiety symptoms that do not meet the criteria for disorders.

Mixed features

Predominantly depressive episodes that have at least 3 symptoms of mania

Melancholic features

Only applies if the full criteria for a major depressive disorder or not and includes some of the more severe somatic (physical) symptoms

Catatonic features

Applies to major depressive episodes whether they occur to a persistent depressive order or not, and even to manic episode and involves the absence of movement or catalepsy (a stuporous state) where the muscles are waxy and semi-rigid

Atypical features

Applies to both depressive episodes whether they are persistent or not. Individuals with this specifier unlike the usual symptoms, they exhibit symptoms that are opposite to the generalized symptoms of the disorder.

Peripartum onset

Period of time just before and after birth

Seasonal pattern

Occurs to major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders only during certain seasons. Also known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Proband

Prevalence of a given disorder in the first-degree relatives of an individual known to have the disorder

Stress Hypothesis

Focuses on overactivity in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis, which produces stress hormones

Neurohormones

Important focus of study in psychopathology hormones can be harmful to neurons in that they decrease a key ingredient that keeps neurons healthy and growing

Cortisol

Stress hormone that is elevated during stressful life events and in depressed patients

Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST)

Biological test for depression. Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid that suppresses cortisol secretion in normal participants.

Gene–environment correlation model

Genetic endowment might increase the probability that we will experience stressful life events

Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression

Depression may follow marked hopelessness about coping with the difficult life events

Arbitrary inference

Evident when a depressed individual emphasizes the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation.

Overgeneralization

A cognitive distortion in which an individual views a single event as an invariable rule, so that, for example, failure at accomplishing one task will predict an endless pattern of defeat in all tasks.

Maladaptive Cognitions

Depressed individuals commonly report histories of violence and marital disruption in their early lives, as well as poor quality of care and relationships with their own parents

Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

First choice in drug Treatment for depression seems to have a specific effect on the serotonin neurotransmitter system by blocking the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin.

Mixed Reuptake Inhibitors

Blocking reuptake of norepinephrine as well as serotonin

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors

Block the enzyme MAO that breaks down such neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and serotonin.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Block the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, allowing them to pool in the synapse and, as the theory goes, desensitize or down-regulate the transmission of that particular neurotransmitter (so less of the neurochemical is transmitted).

Lithium

Mood-stabilizing drug. Often effective in preventing and treating manic episodes and remains the gold standard for treatment of bipolar disorder

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Safe and reasonably effective treatment for cases of severe depression that do not improve with other treatments

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Works by placing a magnetic coil over the individual’s head to generate a precisely localized electromagnetic pulse

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Clients are taught to examine carefully their thought processes while they are depressed and to recognize “depressive” errors in thinking

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

After identifying life stressors that seem to precipitate the depression, the therapist and patient work collaboratively on the patient’s current interpersonal problems.

Suicidal ideation

Serious thoughts about suicide

Suicidal plans

Formulation of specific method of killing oneself

Suicidal attempts

Nonfatal self-harm with intent to die

Psychological Autopsy

Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death