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Mechanization
Widespread adoption of machinery.
Gilded Age
Period in American history of economic growth, industrialization, and wealth inequality.
Industrialization
Transform from agriculture to manufacturing.
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural to urban areas.
Immigration
Mass migration of immigrants from Europe and Asia in search of jobs, often severely underpaid.
Progressive Era
Growth of economy, industrialization, urbanization, etc.
Sherman Antitrust Law
Law that makes horizontal immigration illegal.
Laissez-faire economics
Government wanted nothing to do with increasing inequality in businesses, resulting in a lack of competition and underpaid laborers.
Government regulation
Didn’t exist, leading to terrible working conditions and causing monopolies.
Entrepreneurs
People like Carnegie and Rockefeller who built their way up, often referred to as "robber barons."
Corporation
Paid their workers the lowest wages and used outrageous advertising to attract customers.
Monopoly
Complete control of a product or service.
Political Machine
Controlled the activities of a political party.
Political Boss
Head of the political machine.
Imperialism
European nations seek colonies for power.
Spanish-American War
Declared when the US thought Spain blew up their ships; led to Cuba's liberation and the annexation of the Philippines, Guatemala, and Puerto Rico.
Open Door Policy
US policy allowing free trade by any nation in any port in China.
Roosevelt Corollary
Added to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the US has police powers to protect Latin America from European imperialism.
Big Stick Diplomacy
An act of threatening to achieve one's goals.
Isolationism
Policy of remaining uninvolved with the affairs of other groups or countries.
Women Suffrage
Movement advocating for women's right to vote.
Women’s involvement in reform movements
Carrie Chapman Catt vs. Alice Paul.
Vertical Integration
Buying things before and after your industry.
Horizontal Integration
Buying all the competition in your industry.
World War I
Reasons include militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Russia, and eventually America.
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
Rations
Government urged US citizens to minimize food consumption to provide for the army.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone.
Lusitania
British passenger ship attacked by Germany, provoking American anger.
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance and encouraging attack on the US.
Selective Service Act 1917
The draft requiring healthy men over 18 to serve in the military.
Espionage Act 1917
Provided penalties for making false statements or aiding the enemy.
Sedition Act 1918
Forbade criticism of the government, flag, or military uniform.
Red Scare
Fear of communist conspiracies to start a revolution in America.
Palmer Raids
FBI established by Palmer to find communists, targeting foreigners.
Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court case regarding the arrest of Charles Schenck for anti-draft pamphlets.
Trench Warfare
Tactic involving deep ditches where opposing forces awaited attacks.
18th Amendment
Constitutional ban on alcohol production and distribution.
19th Amendment
Guarantees women the right to vote.
21st Amendment
Repeal of prohibition established by the 18th Amendment.
The Treaty of Versailles
Agreement assigning blame for WWI to Germany and demanding reparations.
Wilson’s 14 Points
Wilson's attempt for lasting peace, including self-determination and a League of Nations.
The League of Nations
An organization intended to promote peace, disapproved by the US Congress.
Teddy Roosevelt
Used Big Stick Diplomacy and added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.