History Test

Mechanization

Widespread adoption of machinery

Gilded Age

Period in American history of economic growth, industrialization, and wealth inequality

Industrialization

Transform from agriculture to manufacturing

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural to urban areas

Immigration

Mass migration of immigrants from Europe and Asia. Many were in search of jobs, and were severely underpaid

Progressive Era

Growth of economy, industrialization, urbanization, etc.

Sherman Antitrust Law

Law that makes horizontal immigration illegal

Laissez-faire economics

Government wanted nothing to do with the increasing inequality in businesses and industries. Resulted in lack of competition for bigger businesses and underpaid laborers

Government regulation

Didn’t exist, many people were underpaid and the working conditions were terrible. The world was in a “social darwinism” hierarchy. Caused monopolies and made people either terribly poor or extremely rich

Entrepreneurs

People like Carniege and Rockefeller who built their way up to the top, often referred to as “robber barons”

Corporation

Paid their workers the lowest wages and used outrageous advertising to increase customers

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or service

Political Machine

Controlled the activities of a political party

Political Boss

Head of the political machine

Imperialism

European nations seek colonies for power

Spanish-American War

Declared when the US thought Spain blew up their ships/ caused: Cuba to be liberated, and the annexation of the Philippines, Guatemala, and Puerto Rico: eventually resulted in the Philippine-American War. America wins

Open Door Policy

US policy that allowed free trade by any nation in any port in China. Canceled out the Spheres of Influence

Roosevelt Corollary

Added to the Monroe Doctrine, said that US got police powers to protect Latin America from European imperialism

Big Stick Diplomacy

An act of threatening to get what you want

Isolationism

Policy of remaining uninvolved with the affairs or interests of other groups/countries

Women Suffrage

Women pushing to get the right to vote. Started to work and became more educated

Women’s involvement in reform movements

Carrie Chapman Catt vs. Alice Paul below

Vertical Integration

Buying things before and after your industry (EX. Meat packagers buying a cow farm and a grocery store)

Horizontal Integration

Buying all the competition in your industry

World War I

REASONS: militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Russia, eventually America

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Rations

Government wanted US citizens to eat minimal food in order to have more food for the army

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, ALL merchant ships were being attacked, even if they were citizens who weren’t part of the war

Lusitania

British passenger ship carrying American citizens was attacked by Germany on May 7, 1915, America is furious

Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram sent by Germany to Mexico that says if the US enters the war against the Central Powers, Mexico should attack the US and get their land back. This telegram was intercepted by the allies

Selective Service Act 1917

AKA the draft: Healthy men over 18 must serve in the military. Used propaganda to convince Americans to join the war

Espionage Act 1917

Provided fines and imprisonment for persons:

-making false statements

-aiding the enemy

-inciting rebellion in the military

-obstructing draft recruitment

Sedition Act 1918

Forbade any criticism of the government, flag, or uniform (targeted socialists and immigrants)

Red Scare

Fear that communists were conspiring to start a revolution in America (America’s WWI ally, Russia, withdrew from war after communist revolution)

Palmer Raids

General Palmer established the intelligence division (now FBI) to look for communists in the US. Targeted foreigners, Completely disregarded social liberties, No way to get out of it if accused, no evidence was ever found

Schenck v. United States

Charles Schneck was arrested for passing out pamphlets criticizing the draft

Trench Warfare

Germany dug deep ditches (trenches) and waited for the allies to attack. Allies soon dug their own trenches; war became a stalemate

18th Amendment

Constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and distribution of alcohol (for 13 years) repealed through the 21st Amendment

PROHIBITION FOR THIS ACT INCREASED CRIME

19th Amendment

Right of citizens in the US to vote shall not be denied by the US on account of sex

21st Amendment

US government repealing prohibition

The Treaty of Versailles

Agreement between Germany and Allied nations that asked Germany to pay huge reparations. Stated that Germany was responsible for starting the war and paying for all damages, had to cut down their army to 100,00, and the Rhineland was demilitarized

Wilson’s 14 Points

Wilson’s attempt to create lasting world peace to prevent another WW

-Reduce weapons/militarism

-Ensure self-determination (increases nationalism, ends imperialism) {SUCCESSFUL}

-No secret diplomacy

-Creates a League of Nations {SUCCEEDED AT FIRST, ULTIMATELY FAILED}

The League of Nations

Wilson wanted to create an institution that all nations were a part of, increasing peace. The US congress disapproved the treaty because they believed it would make the US enter future European wars. The US never joined and it ultimately failed.

Teddy Roosevelt

Used the Big Stick Diplomacy and added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine