Comp: Cognition and Testing Review

kohlberg's stages

thinking process when deciding if something is good or bad

milgram's obedience experiment

experiment showing willingness to follow orders from authority even when it conflicts with individual's moral judgement

naturalistic intelligences

ability to appreciate, categorize, classify, explain, connect the things of everyday life with nature

loftus experiment

language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory

IQ test terms

verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

projective testing

examination that commonly employs ambigious stimuli (inkblots)

unconditioned positive regard

showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what (developed by Carl Rogers)

language acquisition device

theortical tool in brain that allows children learn and understand language quickly

(ex: hearing milk before being fed a bottle, learning what it means)

divergent thinking

process of creating multiple unique solutions to a problem

vygotsky approach to development

learning is a social process and the origination of human intelligence in society or culture

social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition

standard deviation

measure of dispersion that shows the spread of scores around the mean

psychoanalysis

method of treating mental disorders, shaped by psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes unconscious mental processes

implicit memory

a form of long-term memory that doesn't require any conscious retrieval

Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly

constructed memory

remembering through stored general knowledge to construct a more complete and detailed account of an event by changing or filling in aspects of the memory

chunking

grouping together

framing

how info is presented affects decisions

phoneme

the smallest units of sound that make words distinct from one another

mnemonic device

memory techniques that makes difficult to remember material into more easily remembered material

flashbulb memory

a vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event that has happened in the past

semantic memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

sensory memory

a mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, feel, smell and taste

cognition

process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

processes by which knowledge is accumulated, such as perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, and reasoning

encoding

process of getting info into the memory system

ex. by extracting meaning

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly

aptitude test

test designed to predict a person's future performance, capacity to learn

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

achievement test

test designed to asses what a person has learned

validity

the extent to which a test measure what it is supposed it

normal curve

bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

content validity

the extend to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

down syndrome

condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

standardization

meaningful scores following the same procedures compared with the performance of a pretested group

Retrieval cues

aspects of an individual's physical and cognitive environment which aid the recall process;

recall

the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the informationre