MICRO EXAM 4!

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges that can present with fever, stiff neck, headache, and potentially lead to coma.

Bacterial Meningitis

Caused by pathogens such as H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes.

Symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis

Fever, stiff neck, headache.

Viral Meningitis

Milder and more common than bacterial meningitis.

Protozoan Meningitis

Caused by Naegleria fowleri, which leads to fatal meningoencephalitis.

Diagnosis of Meningitis

Diagnosis involves testing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space.

Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis

Treatment typically includes cephalosporins.

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain.

Meningoencephalitis

Involvement of both the meninges and the brain.

Tetanus

Caused by Clostridium tetani, which produces toxins leading to spastic paralysis.

vaccine for Tetanus

Prevented through the DTaP vaccine.

Botulism

Caused by C. botulinum, known to block acetylcholine (ACh) and lead to flaccid paralysis.

Rabies

Viral disease characterized by Negri bodies and hydrophobia, leading to fatal encephalitis.

Mosquito-borne Encephalitis

Includes arboviral diseases such as Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) and West Nile Virus (WNV).

Prion Diseases

Include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Kuru, and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), caused by misfolded proteins.

Leprosy

Caused by Mycobacterium leprae, characterized by skin lesions and nerve damage.

Pharyngitis

Medical term for a sore throat.

Laryngitis

Medical term for loss of voice.

Epiglottitis

Medical condition that leads to airway blockage.

Otitis Media

Middle ear infection commonly caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).

Streptococcus pyogenes

Group A Streptococcus known for causing strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever.

Typical Pneumonia

Pneumonia primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Atypical Pneumonia

Caused by pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, known as walking pneumonia.

Pertussis

Also known as whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis.

Stages of Pertussis

Includes catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescence stages.

Vaccination for Pertussis

Prevented with the DTaP vaccine.

RSV

Respiratory Syncytial Virus, causes syncytium formation and is particularly dangerous for infants and the elderly.

Influenza

Viral infection characterized by fever, chills, and aches.

Antigenic Drift

Minor changes in viral antigens.

Antigenic Shift

Major changes in viral antigens that can lead to pandemics.

Treatment for Influenza

Includes the antiviral oseltamivir.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacterial pathogen responsible for tuberculosis.

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Fungus that causes pneumonia, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Digestive System Pathway

Pathway includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Microbiota Distribution in the Digestive System

Least in the stomach and most in the large intestine.

GALT & Peyer’s Patches

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which constitutes about 70% of the immune system.

Oral Diseases

Includes dental plaque, gingivitis, and periodontitis.

Salmonella

Bacterial pathogen that invades intestinal cells leading to systemic infection.

Shigella

Cause disease by producing Shiga toxin which damages the intestinal wall.

Cholera

Caused by Vibrio cholerae, characterized by enterotoxin leading to massive water/electrolyte loss.

Traveler’s Diarrhea

Typically caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC).

H. pylori

Bacteria that produces urease to damage stomach lining, leading to ulcers.

Aflatoxin

Toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus, associated with liver cancer from infected peanuts.

Ergot Toxin

Produced by Claviceps purpurea, can cause hallucinations and gangrene.

Mumps

Viral infection causing parotid swelling, preventable by MMR vaccine.

Hepatitis B

Viral infection spread via blood; characterized by Dane particles.

Staphylococci vs Streptococci

Staphylococci are clusters and catalase positive, while Streptococci are chains and catalase negative.

Chickenpox

Viral infection that can reactivate as shingles.

Measles & Rubella

Preventable by the MMR vaccine.

Herpes

Viral infection that can remain latent.

Thrush

Fungal infection caused by Candida.

Ringworm

Fungal skin infection.

Monkeypox

Viral disease similar to smallpox.

Sporotrichosis

Fungal infection associated with rose thorns.

Conjunctiva

Membrane covering the eye.

Ophthalmia Neonatorum

Eye infection in newborns.

Trachoma

Infectious eye disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Coagulase

Enzyme produced by Staphylococcus aureus, involved in blood clotting.

MMR Vaccine

Vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella.

DTaP Vaccine

Vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.

CSF Location

Cerebrospinal fluid found in the subarachnoid space.

Gas Gangrene

Caused by Clostridium perfringens.

Peptic Ulcer

Often associated with H. pylori infection.

Viruses Without Vaccines

Include HIV, Hepatitis C, RSV, and many arboviruses.