MICRO EXAM 4!

BIOL 2041 – Exam 4 COMPLETE ONE-PAGE REVIEW (FULL CONTENT)

🧠 NERVOUS SYSTEM

Meningitis (meninges inflammation): fever, stiff neck, headache β†’ coma

  • Bacterial: H. influenzae (Hib vaccine), N. meningitidis (dorms, rash), S. pneumoniae (most common), Listeria monocytogenes (foodborne)

  • Viral: milder, more common

  • Protozoa: Naegleria fowleri β†’ fatal meningoencephalitis
    Diagnosis: CSF (subarachnoid space) | Treatment: cephalosporins

Encephalitis: brain | Meningoencephalitis: both

Tetanus: Clostridium tetani β†’ toxin = tetanospasmin β†’ spastic paralysis | vaccine (DTaP)
Botulism: C. botulinum β†’ blocks ACh β†’ flaccid paralysis | food, honey (infants)
Rabies: virus β†’ Negri bodies, hydrophobia, fatal encephalitis

Mosquito-borne brain disease: arboviral encephalitis (EEE, WNV) β†’ prevent bites

Prion diseases: CJD, Kuru, BSE β†’ misfolded proteins β†’ fatal

Leprosy: Mycobacterium leprae β†’ skin lesions, nerve damage | long incubation | cannot grow easily in lab

🫁 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Definitions:
Pharyngitis (sore throat) | Laryngitis (voice loss) | Epiglottitis (airway blockage) | Otitis media (middle ear infection)

Otitis media causes: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, RSV

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A): strep throat, scarlet fever (toxin), rheumatic fever

Pneumonia:

  • Typical: Streptococcus pneumoniae

  • Atypical: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (walking pneumonia)

Pertussis (whooping cough): Bordetella pertussis
Stages: catarrhal β†’ paroxysmal β†’ convalescence | vaccine (DTaP)

RSV: causes syncytium | affects infants + elderly

Influenza: fever, chills, aches

  • Antigenic drift = minor change

  • Antigenic shift = major (pandemics)
    Treatment: oseltamivir | prevention: vaccine

Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Treatment: long-term multidrug therapy (isoniazid, rifampin, etc.)

Pneumocystis jirovecii: cyst ruptures β†’ 8 trophozoites | affects immunocompromised

🍽 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Pathway: Mouth β†’ Pharynx β†’ Esophagus β†’ Stomach β†’ Small intestine β†’ Large intestine

Microbiota distribution:

  • Least: stomach (acid)

  • Most: large intestine

GALT & Peyer’s patches: immune tissue (~70% immune system)

Oral diseases: dental plaque (biofilm), gingivitis (gum inflammation), periodontitis (bone loss)

🦠 GI DISEASES

Salmonella: invades intestinal cells β†’ systemic infection
Shigella: Shiga toxin β†’ damages intestinal wall

Cholera: Vibrio cholerae

  • Enterotoxin β†’ ↑ cAMP β†’ massive water/electrolyte loss β†’ β€œrice water stool”

Traveler’s diarrhea: ETEC (E. coli)

H. pylori: urease β†’ ammonia β†’ damages stomach β†’ ulcers

☠ TOXINS

Aflatoxin: Aspergillus flavus (peanuts) β†’ liver cancer
Ergot toxin: Claviceps purpurea (grains) β†’ hallucinations, gangrene

🧬 VIRAL DISEASES

Mumps: parotid swelling | MMR vaccine

Hepatitis B:

  • Dane particle = complete virion

  • Also spherical & filamentous particles

  • Spread via blood

  • Vaccine available

🧴 SKIN / EYE / GENERAL

Staphylococci vs Streptococci:

  • Staph = clusters, catalase +

  • Strep = chains, catalase βˆ’

Diseases to know:

  • Chickenpox β†’ shingles (reactivation)

  • Measles, rubella (MMR)

  • Herpes (latent)

  • Thrush (Candida)

  • Ringworm (fungal)

  • Monkeypox (viral)

  • Sporotrichosis (rose thorns)

Eye infections:

  • Conjunctiva = membrane covering eye

  • Ophthalmia neonatorum, trachoma

Coagulase: produced by Staphylococcus aureus

πŸ’‰ VACCINES

MMR = measles, mumps, rubella
DTaP = diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis

⚑ FINAL HIGH-YIELD FACTS

  • CSF located in subarachnoid space

  • Gas gangrene: Clostridium perfringens

  • Peptic ulcer: H. pylori

  • Viruses without vaccines: HIV, Hepatitis C, RSV, many arboviruses

βœ… This version includes ALL requested topics with causes, symptoms, mechanisms, and key exam facts.