A&P test 2

The heart's natural pacemaker is the

a. sinoatrial node

b. atrioventricular node

c. bundle of His

d. left and right bundle branches

e. purkinje fibers

a. sinoatrial node

If the heart's natural pacemaker fails to fire, then:

a. no blood would enter the atria

b. no blood would enter the ventricles

c. the AV node would act as an ectopic focus

d. the SA node would act as an ectopic focus

e. the person would die within minutes

c. the AV node would act as an ectopic focus

Deoxygenated blood is normally found in the _______; because________.

a. Right side of the heart: because this sends blood to the pulmonary circuit to become re-oxygenated.

b. Left side of the heart: because this sends blood to the systemic circuit to become re-oxygenated.

c. Right side of the heart; because this sends blood to the systemic circuit to become re-oxygenated.

d. Left side of the heart; because this sends blood to the pulmonary circuit to become re-oxygenated.

a. Right side of the heart: because this sends blood to the pulmonary circuit to become re-oxygenated.

To get from the right atrium to the right ventricle, blood flows through

a. the pulmonary valve

b. the tricuspid valve

c. the bicuspid valve

d. the aortic valve

e. the mitral valve

b. the tricuspid valve

The sac around the heart is called the

a. peritoneum

b. pericardium

c. myocardium

d. epicardium

e. pleural sac

b. pericardium

A red blood cell that has entered the heart from the inferior vena cava. Identify the correct sequence of its travel through the chambers of the heart:

a. Right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, right atrium

b. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle

c. Lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium

d. Left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium

e. Left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs

b. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle

Drugs that increase the heart rate have a ________effect

a. myogenic

b. negative inotropic

c. positive inotropic

d. negative chronotropic

e. positive chronotropic

e. positive chronotropic

Sarah suffers from emphysema, a disorder that causes buildup of scar tissue in the lungs. The scar tissue would increase pressure in the pulmonary trunk, which would _______ afterload.

a. increase

b. decrease

a. increase

It is important for both ventricles to pump out equal volumes of blood with each contraction. What would happen if the right ventricle fails to pump an equal amount of blood (i.e. if there is right ventricular failure)?

a. The blood would back up into the lungs causing pulmonary edema

b. The blood would back up in the vena cava, causing systemic edema

c. Since failure of one side of the heart often leads to failure of the other side, eventually you could have failure on both sides

d. Both A and C are correct

e. Both B and C are correct

e. Both B and C are correct

The coronary blood vessels are part of the ________circuit of the circulatory system.

a. cardiac

b. pulmonary

c. systemic

d. systematic

e. cardiovascular

c. systemic

the purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to

ensure that blood flows in only one direction

Which of the following statements about heart valves is CORRECT?

a. The bicuspid/mitral valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle

b. The tricuspid valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle

c. Semilunar valves regulate the flow of blood into the heart

d. AV valves are anchored by chordae tendinae to help prevent movement of blood into the atria during ventricular systole

d. AV valves are anchored by chordae tendinae to help prevent movement of blood into the atria during ventricular systole

Atrial contraction occurs during _____

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. PQ segment

e. ST segment

d. PQ segment

Ventricular contraction occurs during _____

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. PQ segment

e. ST segment

e. ST segment

The electrical signal from the SA node starts right before _____

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. PQ segment

e. ST segment

a. P wave

Ventricular diastole occurs after____

a. P wave

b. QRS complex

c. T wave

d. PQ segment

e. ST segment

c. T wave

Put these phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order:

1. opening of the semilunar valves

2. isovolumetric contraction of ventricles

3. atrial systole

4. closure of the AV valves

5. isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles

6. passive filling of ventricles during ventricular diastole

7. ventricular ejection

a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

b. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7

c. 6, 3, 2, 4, 1, 7, 5

d. 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

e. 6, 7, 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

e. 6, 7, 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with coronary artery disease?

a. Stress/aggression, often leading to hypertension

b. Increased dietary fat and cholesterol

c. Obesity

d. Hypotension

e. Smoking

d. Hypotension

The chest pain associated with decreased blood delivery to the heart's tissue, when oxygen is not reaching cardiac muscle is called:

a. Myocardial infarction

b. Pericarditis

c. Angina pectoris

d. Cardiac tamponade

c. Angina pectoris

Artherosclerotic plaques can become focal points for blood clots. If part of the blood clot breaks off and blocks a coronary artery, part of the heart muscle may die and cause:

a. Ischemia

b. Myocardial Infarction

c. Pericarditis

d. Angina pectoris

b. Myocardial Infarction

The aortic and pulmonary valves close during the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, contributing to the second heart sound (creating the "dupp" in "lubb-dupp")

true or false

true

The pacemaker potential is caused by a slow inflow of Na+ ions that depolarizes the heart cells.

true or false

true

Arteries are designed to withstand high pressures by having a thick tunica interna layer

true or false

false

The tunica media is the blood vessel layer that secretes chemicals that dilate or constrict the vessel, and is the site of material exchange.

true or false

false

Blood flow into a capillary bed is controlled by precapillary sphincters.

true or false

true

John's pulse pressure is 25mm Hg, and his diastolic pressure is 95mmHg. So his mean arterial pressure is a little over 103mmHg

true or false

true

Veins are called capacitance vessels because they hold most of the blood in the circulatory system

true or false

true

Sometimes blood vessels merge to create alternate pathways into or out of organs. These merging points are called "portal systems".

true or false

false

The right lymphatic collecting duct is formed by the convergence of the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks. Obstruction of this collecting duct will lead to edema in the right side of the thorax and abdomen as well as the right arm and leg.

true or false

false

Pyrogens produce prostaglandins in the hypothalamus that increase the set point for body temperature.

true or false

true

Neutrophils secrete toxic chemicals that kill bacteria through a process called "respiratory burst."

true or false

true

Eosinophils provide nonspecific resistance by secreting leukotrienes (attracts and activates neutrophils), histamine (a vasodilator) and heparin (an anticoagulant).

true or false

false

Mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body by producing sticky mucous and lysozymes. These are examples of specific defense

true or false

false

The baroreceptors have sensed an increase in blood pressure. Which of the following will NOT occur?

a. Acetylcholine will be released from the vagus nerve to decrease heart rate

b. Blood vessels will vasoconstrict

c. Cardioinhibitory neurons in the cardiac center will be stimulated

d. Vasomotor center will be inhibited

b. Blood vessels will vasoconstrict

(not on test) medulla receptors will cause vasoconstriction to increase bp and will result in:

a. decrease in blood pH

b. increase in blood CO2

c. decrease in blood perfusion in medulla

d. increase in blood O2

e. decrease in blood perfusion in medulla

e. decrease in blood perfusion in medulla

Given these blood vessels:

1. inferior mesenteric vein

2. superior mesenteric vein

3. hepatic portal vein

4. hepatic vein

Choose the arrangement that lists the vessels in order going from the small intestine to the inferior vena cava.

a. 1,2,3

b. 1,4,3

c. 2,3,4

d. 2,4,3

c. 2,3,4

which of the following correctly pairs the change in blood chemistry with the reflex response?

decrease in blood perfusion in medulla; medulla receptors will cause vasoconstriction to increase bp

lymph nodes are _____ lymphatic organs

secondary

invading cancer cells can compromise the nodes functions _____

cleanse the lymph only

removing lymph nodes prevents ____

metastasis

pelvic lymph nodes ultimately drain into the ____ collecting duct

thoracic

edema is caused by increased ______ or decreased ________

filtration; absorption

removing lymph nodes and lymphatic capillaries would decrease the amount of fluid returning to the bloodstream, and the decreased volume would decrease ______

blood hydrostatic pressure

low venous return decreases end-diastolic volume (the volume of blood at the ___ of ventricular relaxation)

end

according to the frank-starling law of the heart, ____would decrease

heart rate

this decrease could partly be reversed by increased release of a ____ inotropic agent such as calcium that increase contractility of the heart

positive