Unit 10 flashcards (Organic)

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33 Terms

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Organic compounds
compounds containing carbon, which is the building blocks of life.
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characteristics of Organic Compounds
* Non-polar
* Insoluble in water
* Covalently bonded
* Don’t conduct electricity
* Lower melting and boiling points
* Very flammable
* react slowly
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Hydrocarbons
Compounds containing just Hydrogen and Carbon
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Alkanes
Hydrocarbons which are saturated, and contain only single bonds between the carbons. General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
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Alkenes
hydrocarbons which are unsaturated, and contain a double bond between two of the Carbons. General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ
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Alkynes
hydrocarbons which are unsaturated, and contain a double bond between two of the Carbons. General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ-₂
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Saturated hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons which can’t hold anymore atoms, like alkanes.
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons which could hold more atoms, by breaking multiple bond, like alkenes, and alkynes.
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Methyl group
An extra CH₃ attached to one of the carbons
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Ethyl Group
An extra C₂H₅ attached to one of the Carbons
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Propyl Group
An extra C₃H₇ attached to one of the carbons.
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Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structres.
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Functional Groups
Types of Organic compounds which have specific parts which allow them to perform certainactions.
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R in General Formulas
represents a chain of Hydrocarbons
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halocarbon
Functional Group with a Hydrocarbon bonded to halogens (Group 17 elements). Name __ending__ is the same as the hydorcarbon.
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Alcohol
Functional Group with a Hydrocarbon bonded to a hydroxide ion. (R-OH), the name ends with “-anol”
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Ether
Functional Group with two hydrocarbon groups on either side of an oxygen (R-O-R’). Name ends with “ether"
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Aldehyde
Functional Group with a hydrocarbon bonded to a C, which is double bonded to an O, and single bonded to an H. ends with “-anal”
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Ketone
Functional Group with 2 Hydrocarbon chains on either side of a C which is double bonded to an Oxygen. ends with “-anone”
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Organic Acid
Functional Group with a hydrocarbon bnded to a C, which is single bonded to an OH, and double bonded to another O. ends with “-anoic acid”.
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Ester
Functional Group with two Hydrocarbon chains one either side of a C-O, and that C is double bonded to an O. end with “-anoate”
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Amine
Functional Group with Hydrocarbons bonded to Nitrogen. ends with “-amine”
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Amide
Functional Group with 2 Hydrocarbons, one bonded to a C, which is also double binded to an O, and single bonded to an NH, which is then bonded to the other chain. ends with “-amide”
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Combustion Reaction
Hydrocarbon + O₂ →H₂O + CO₂
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Substitution Reaction
Another element like a Halogen is added to a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane), and it replaces one of the Hydrogens, releasing it from the molecule.
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Additional Reaction
Another element is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene, or alkyne), where it breaks one of the multiple bonds, and the product is just one compound.
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Esterification Reaction
Organic Acid + Alcohol → Ester + H₂O. Makes Ester
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Saponification
Ester + A base → An acid(ion) + Alcohol. How soap is made.
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Fermentation Reaction
A Carbohydrate (ex: sugar) → Alcohol + CO₂. How yeast works, and alcoholic beverages are made.
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Polymerization reaction
Taking multiple smaller molecules (Monomers), and attaching them together to form a larger polymer.
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Addition polymers
breaking the emulripple bonds in monomers to attach them together, to form the polymer.
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Condensation polymers
Taking water away from the monomers so they can bond and form a polymer.
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Cracking
Using heat to break down bigger complex hydrocarbons, into smaller and more useful hydrocarbons.