History 101 chapter 4

Renaissance to age of exploration

Moveable type printing

Invention by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionizing information spread during the Renaissance.

Humanism

Cultural movement in the Renaissance focusing on classical texts and human potential.

The Prince

Political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli on effective rulership qualities and actions.

Spanish Inquisition

State institution in Spain punishing heretics, Jews, and Muslims.

Indulgences

Certificates sold by the Catholic Church to reduce punishment for sins.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's grievances against the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Calvinism

Protestant branch emphasizing predestination and God's sovereignty.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Catholic religious order known for missionary work and education.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the world.

English Civil War

Conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists leading to temporary monarchy overthrow.

Charles I

King of England during the English Civil War, executed for resisting constitutional reforms.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher known for "Leviathan," supporting absolute monarchy and social contract theory.

Louis XIV

French King known for centralized rule, symbolizing absolute monarchy and French dominance.

Peter the Great

Russian Tsar modernizing and Westernizing Russia into a major European power.

Effects of moveable type printing

Increased literacy, cultural exchange, and information dissemination during Renaissance and Reformation.

Italian politics in the Renaissance

Fragmentation, city-state rivalry, and Medici influence.

Humanism

Renaissance movement focusing on classical texts, individual potential, and secular achievements.

Christian humanism

Integrating Christian values with classical learning, fostering reforms in the Catholic Church.

Machiavelli's political theories

Pragmatic approach advocating effective leadership and use of cunning and force.

Renaissance art

Realism, perspective, and humanism in painting, sculpture, and architecture.

Lutheran theology

Martin Luther's beliefs emphasizing faith, scripture authority, and priesthood of believers.

Protestant authority of scripture

Principle of scripture as ultimate authority in Protestant theology.

Salvation by faith alone

Protestant doctrine of justification by faith in Jesus Christ.

Calvinist theology

John Calvin's teachings on predestination, God's sovereignty, and godly living.

Conflict within Protestantism

Theological differences leading to various Protestant denominations.

English Reformation

England's separation from the Catholic Church and establishment of the Church of England.

Religious toleration

Acceptance of diverse religious beliefs within a society.

Witch scares

Periods of intense fear and persecution of accused witches.

Portuguese exploration

Maritime expeditions leading to trade routes and colonies.

Purposes for Columbus's voyage

Economic and religious motives for finding new trade routes and spreading Christianity.

Spanish alliances with Indians against Aztecs

Exploitation of indigenous rivalries to conquer the Aztec Empire.

English exploration

Maritime expeditions for new territories and resources, establishing colonies.

French exploration

Voyages in North America focusing on fur trade and New France.

Absolutism

Concentration of power in a single ruler justified by divine right.

Gradual centralization of power by monarchs

Process of consolidating power and reducing noble authority.

Fiscal-military state

State with taxation, state-controlled military, and centralized power.

Results/effects of growth of fiscal-military states

Increased state power, military capabilities, and social strains.

Puritanism

Protestant movement advocating moral and religious reform.

Sides of English Civil War

Parliamentarians (Roundheads) versus Royalists (Cavaliers) representing conflicts between monarchy and parliament.

Constitutionalism and constitutional monarchy

Government limited by laws and constitution with representative institutions.

Peter the Great's modernizing reforms in Russia

Westernizing and modernizing Russia through administrative, military, and cultural changes.

Republicanism

Political ideology supporting representative government, civic virtue, and public accountability.