Definition of developmental psychology p383 Twin studies p385 Teratogens p391 Attachment and Lorenz p398 Ainsworth strange situation p400 Erikson first two stages Piaget stages p406-407 Vygotsky p410 Kohlberg p414 Gilligan p415 Erikson identity p416 Second shift p426 Aging p427

What is developmental psychology?

The scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.

What do twin studies help researchers understand?

The effects of genetics and environment on a particular trait.

What are the two main types of twins studied in behavioral genetics?

Monozygotic (MZ) twins, who share 100% of their genes, and dizygotic (DZ) twins, who share approximately 50% of their genes.

What are teratogens?

Substances or environmental factors that can cause developmental malformations (birth defects) in a developing embryo or fetus.

What is attachment in developmental psychology?

The emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver.

What procedure did Mary Ainsworth develop to assess attachment?

The Strange Situation.

What is the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?

Trust vs. Mistrust, occurring from infancy to 18 months.

What is the main focus of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory?

How children construct their understanding of the world through four distinct stages.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) according to Vygotsky?

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable other.

What are the three levels of moral development as proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg?

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional levels.

What is the main critique that Carol Gilligan made regarding Kohlberg's theory?

It was biased against women, focusing more on justice rather than care and relationships.

What is the second shift?

The unpaid labor performed at home, usually by women, after they complete their paid work outside the home.

What are some key aspects of aging?

Physical changes, cognitive changes, and changes in social interactions across the lifespan.