Fungi

Fungal nuclei

________ are normally haploid, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles.

Plasmogamy

________: is the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia.

Sclerotium

________: hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage.

Molecular analyses

________ have helped clarify evolutionary relationships among fungal groups, although areas of uncertainty remain.

Mycorrhizae

________: mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots.

Saprophytes

________ or saprobes: feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers)

Fungi

________ use sexual signaling molecules called pheromones to communicate their mating type.

hydrolytic enzymes

Secrete ________ and acids to decompose complex molecules into simpler ones that can be absorbed.

Symbionts

________: mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism.

Alga

________ or cyanobacterium: provides food.

Parasites

________: feeding on living tissue of a host.

Lichens

________: mutually beneficial relationship between fungus and alga /cyanobacterium.

Resistant stage

________: allows fungus to survive periods of adversity.

Spores

________ are the agent of dispersal responsible for geographic distribution of fungi:

sexual reproduction

For many fungi, ________ only occurs as a contingency- results in greater genetic diversity.

Saprobes

________: absorb nutrients from dead organic material.

haploid

In most fungi, the ________ nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away; they coexist in the mycelium, called a heterokaryon.

Mycelium

________: extensive, feeding web of hyphae.

Pathogens

________: parasites that cause disease.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

________: extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane.

Parasitic fungi

________: absorb nutrients from cells of living hosts; some are pathogenic.

Fungal hyphae

________ may be septate or aseptate.

enormous numbers of spores

In favorable conditions, fungi produce ________ asexually.

Absorptive nutrition

________: enables fungi to live as decomposers and symbionts.

Mutualistic fungi

________: absorb nutrients from a host, but reciprocate to benefit the host.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

________: form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex.

Fungi

________ are heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption.

Spores

________ are produced either sexually (by meiosis) or asexually (by mitosis)

Mycelia

________ are the ecologically active bodies of fungi.

Parasitic fungi

________ have modified hyphae called haustoria, which penetrate the host tissue but remain outside cell membrane.

Lichens

________ are natures biological monitors of pollution and air quality.

Sexual reproduction

________ requires the fusion of hyphae from different mating types.

Fungi

________ were among the earliest colonizers of land and probably formed mutualistic relationships with early land plants.

Spores

________: asexual (product of mitosis) or sexual (product of meiosis) in origin.

Mycelium

________: aggregate of hyphae.

Fungi

________ get carbon from organic sources.

Mycelium

aggregate of hyphae

Sclerotium

hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage

Eukaryotes

true nucleus and other organelles present

Heterotrophy

'other food

Saprophytes or saprobes

feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers)

Symbionts

mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism

Parasites

feeding on living tissue of a host

Pathogens

parasites that cause disease

Absorptive nutrition

enables fungi to live as decomposers and symbionts

Saprobes

absorb nutrients from dead organic material

Parasitic fungi

absorb nutrients from cells of living hosts; some are pathogenic

Mutualistic fungi

absorb nutrients from a host, but reciprocate to benefit the host

Hyphae of septate fungi

divided into cells by crosswalls called septa

Hyphae of aseptate fungi

lack cross walls (coenocytic)

Mycelium

extensive, feeding web of hyphae

Fungus

nutrient & water uptake for plant)

Plant

carbohydrate for fungus)

Mycorrhizae

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane

Lichens

mutually beneficial relationship between fungus and alga/cyanobacterium

Fungus

structure

Alga or cyanobacterium

provides food

Crustose lichens

form flat crusty plates

Foliose lichens

leafy in appearance, although lobed or branched structures are not true leaves

Fruticose lichens

even more finely branched and may hang down like beards from branches or grow up from the ground like tiny shrubs

Spores

asexual (product of mitosis) or sexual (product of meiosis) in origin

Resistant stage

allows fungus to survive periods of adversity

For many fungi, sexual reproduction only occurs as a contingency

results in greater genetic diversity

Plasmogamy

is the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia