CHAPTER 9 US HISTORY DUAL

Artisans

skilled, experienced worker who produces specialized goods by hand

Putting-out system

a labor system whereby a merchant hired different families to perform specific tasks in a production process

Samuel Slater

managed to travel to the US in the hopes of profiting from their knowledge and experience with advanced textile manufacturing

Richard Arkwright

pioneered the workings of the latest water powered textile mills; British industrialists

Rhode Island System

a system of mills, complete with samll villages and farms, ponds,dams, and spillways first developed by Samuel Slater

Embargo of 1807

prevented American merchants from engaging in the Atlantic trade, severely cutting into their profits

Francis Cabot Lowell

New England merchant; casing his gaze on manufacturing; economic problems; built up an American textile manufacturing industry

Deskilling

breaking an artisanal production process into smaller steps that unskilled workers can perform

Boston Associates

Lowell and wealthy merchant families; created the Boston Manufacturing Company

Consumerism

an economic theory that argues that interests of consumers should be the most important factors in a business transaction

Lowell Factory Girls Association

young female workers who came to work in a factory; organized strike activities in the 1830s

Labor Theory of Value

an economic theory holding that profits from the sale of the goods produced by workers should be equitably distributed to those workers

Working Men’s Party

a political group that radically opposed what they viewed as the exploitation of workers

The Rights of Man to Property

written by Thomas Paine 1829, inequality originated in the unequal distribution of property through inheritance farms

Ohio Fever

steady stream of people moving to the Ohio country. Most enterprising farmers sold their farms and joined the growing procession

Land Law of 1796

would sell minimum parcel of 640 acres for $2 an acre, further encouraged land sales in the Northwest Territory by reducing the minimum parcel size and enabling credit

Land Offices

sites where prospective landowners could buy public land from the government

The Panic of 1819

first widespread and durable financial crisis in the US that slowed westward expansion in the Cotton Belt and was followed by a general collapse of the economy; lasted till 1821

The Land Law of 1820

lowered the price of land to $1.25 per acre and allowed small parcels of 80 acres to be sold

The Relief Act of 1821

allowed Ohioans to return land to the government if they could not afford to keep it. The money they received in return was credited towards their debt

Eli Whitney

created the cotton gin in 1794; hoed the cotton gin would render slavery obsolute

Cotton Gin

A device to speed up the production of cotton, farmers could meet the growing demand of their crops; cleaned seeds from the rock hard and quicker than humans

Machine Tools

machines that cut and shape metal to produce standardized, interchangeable parts for mechanical devices such as clocks or guns

Robert Fulton

Brought steamboat in from the experimental stage to commercial success; designed a system of inland waterways a steam worship and submarine

Cyrus McCormick

Industrialist and inventor of the first commercially successful reaper, a horse drawn machine to harvest wheat

John Deere

A blacksmith who developed the first commercially successful self scouring steel plow in 1837 and founded the company that still bears his name

Samuel Morse

Inventor that invented that developed in electrical telegraph, developed Morse code

John C. Calhoun

staunch defender of the institution of slavery; “let us….bind the Republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals”

Cumberland Road

a national highway that provided thousands with a route from Maryland to Illinois

Erie Canal

a canal that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie and markets in the West

Henry Clay

Adam’s secretary of state; champoned what is known as the American system, part of which included plans for a broad range of internal transportation movements

The American System

a government-sponsored program to harmonize a balance the nation’s agriculture, commerce, and indsurtry.

Mohawk and Hudson Railroad

the first steam-powered locomotive railroad in the United States

Junius Spencer Morgan

an American banker and a director of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company; father of JP Morgan

Industrial Elites

created chambers of commerce; a small group of powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth of privileges

Peter Cooper

designed and built the engine for one of America’s earliest steam locomotives; ensured future success of the Baltimore = Ohio Railroad

Self-made

individuals whose success lay within the individuals themselves not with outside conditions

Merit

the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections

Middle Class

individuals and households who typically fall between the working class and the upper class within a social economical hierarchy

Self-improving activities

middle class children attended school and in their free time engaged such as reading or playing the piano or playing with toys and games that would teach them the skills and values they needed to succeed

Free moral agency

the freedom to change one’s own life and bring about one’s own salvation

Working class

people in a social class marked by job that provided low pay require limited skills, or physical labor

Phineas Taylor Barnum

an American showman, businessman, and politician founded Barnum and Bailey Circus; sensational forms of presentation and publicity; circus, museum, musical concerts