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Behavioral Perspective

Mental disorders are caused by unhelpful learned associations or conditioning.

Cognitive Perspective

Mental disorders are caused by unhelpful thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Mental disorders are caused by unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood.

Humanistic Perspective

Mental disorders are caused by a lack of social support and an inability to fulfill one’s potential.

Evolutionary Perspective

Mental disorders are caused by genetic mutations that influence behaviors and mental processes that may have once been adaptive.

Sociocultural Perspective

Mental disorders are caused by unhelpful social and cultural relationships and dynamics.

Biological Perspective

Mental disorders are caused by physiological or genetic issues, such as neurotransmitter imbalances.

Biopsychosocial model

Assumes psychological disorders involve a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Diathesis-stress model

Assumes psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability combined with stressful life experiences.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Begin in childhood and are characterized by inappropriate behaviors for a person's age or maturity.

Positive symptoms

Addition of inappropriate cognitions or behaviors.

Negative symptoms

Absence of appropriate cognitions or behaviors.

Delusions

False beliefs, often of grandeur or persecution.

Hallucinations

False perceptions occurring without sensory input, often involving hearing.

Word salad

Stringing words together in nonsensical ways, indicative of disorganized thinking or speech.

Catatonia

Disorganized movement, which can manifest as stupor (lack of movement) or excessive, repetitive movements (excitement).

Flat affect

Disorganized emotional responses with no emotional expression or inappropriate emotional expressions.

Dopamine hypothesis

People with schizophrenia have high levels of dopamine.

stupor

lack of movement

excitement

often excessive repetitive movements