stuff

Behavioral Perspective- says that mental disorders are caused by unhelpful learned associations/conditioning.

Ex. fear is classically conditioned; bad event leads to fear

Ex. Reinforcement helps maintain phobias and compulsions

Psychodynamic Perspective - says that mental disorders are caused by unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood.

Humanistic Perspective - says that mental disorders are caused by a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one’s potential

Cognitive Perspective - says that mental disorders are caused by unhelpful thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions. 

Evolutionary Perspective - says that mental disorders are caused by genetic mutations that cause behaviors and mental processes that may have once been adaptive, or may be adaptive in some circumstances, but not generally not adaptive today

Ex. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders may be effects of a genetic mutation that promotes creativity 

Sociocultural perspective -says that mental disorders are caused by unhelpful social and cultural relationships and dynamics.

Biological Perspective - says that mental disorders are caused by physiological or genetic issues

Ex. Imbalance of neurotransmitters or hormones

Ex. twin studies show genetic contribution to schizophrenia

Biopsychosocial model - assumes that psychological disorders involve a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. 

Diathesis-stress model - assumes that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress).

Neurodevelopmental disorders - defined as beginning in childhood. Characterized by exhibiting behaviors inappropriate for a person's age or maturity range.  Causes are environmental, physiological, and/or genetic.

positive symptoms (addition of inappropriate cognitions or behaviors) 

negative symptoms (absence of appropriate cognitions or behaviors):

Delusions – false beliefs, often of grandeur (exaggerated sense of self-importance) or persecution (everyone is out to get me) +

Hallucinations – false perceptions (no sensory input), can involve multiple senses but most often hearing

word salad - stringing words together in nonsensical ways (Disorganized thinking or speech)

Catatonia- disorganized movement can be stupor (lack of movement, -) or excitement (excessive, often repetitive movements, +)

stupor lack of movement

excitement (excessive, often repetitive movements, +)

flat affect - Disorganized emotional responses (no emotional expression, -) or emotional expressions inappropriate for a given situation

dopamine hypothesis – people with schizophrenia have high levels of dopamine