Chapter 16 - Lab

Cerebrum

Largest portion of the brain; responsible for conscious thought processes.

Diencephalon

Smallest portion of the brain; controls many homeostatic processes.

Brain Stem

Connects higher brain regions to the spinal cord and cerebellum.

Cerebellum

Coordinates body movements.

Cranial Meninges

Three layers of connective tissue that protect the soft tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

Pia Mater

Very thin and nearly transparent layer of areolar connective tissue; directly covers the brain's surface.

Arachnoid Mater

Has a webbed-like appearance.

Subarachnoid Space

Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Supports and protects the brain; delivers nutrients and removes waste.

Dura Mater

Consists of two layers of dense irregular tissue, an inner meningeal layer and an outer periosteal layer.

Meningeal Layer

The inner layer of the dura mater; lies next to the arachnoid mater. (Red Arrow)

Periosteal Layer

The outer layer of the dura mater; lines the inside of the cranium. (Green Arrow)

Posterior/Dorsal

Describe the position of the cerebellum relative to the brain stem

loss of motor coordination and problems with balance. 

What are some problems a person might have if a stroke damaged his cerebellum

Pia mater and Arachnoid Mater

Between which of the cranial meninges is cerebrospinal fluid found

Cerebral Cortex

Outer gray matter of the cerebrum containing billions of neuron bodies; responsible for conscious thought.

Gray Matter

Contains neuron somas, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. General function is integration - the processing of information.

Gyri (Gyrus)

Folds of brain tissue that increase surface area of the cerebral cortex.

Sulci (Sulcus)

Narrow grooves between gyri on the cerebral cortex.

Cerebral Hemispheres

The left and right halves of the brain.

Longitudinal Fissure

Deep midsagittal groove dividing the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.

Frontal Lobe

Anterior part of the cortex; involved in somatic motor control, speech, intellect, task management, and personality.

Precentral Gyrus

Part of the frontal lobe that directs somatic motor commands.

Parietal Lobe

Located at the top of each hemisphere; processes somatosensory info like touch and body position, and also language.

Central Sulcus

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

Postcentral Gyrus

Region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing somatosensory input.

Temporal Lobe

Found inferior to the parietal lobe; processes auditory and olfactory sensations.

Lateral Sulcus

Separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Occipital Lobe

Posterior lobe of the cortex; processes visual information.

Insula

Deep lobe beneath the lateral sulcus; associated with taste perception.

Cerebral White Matter

Tracts of myelinated axons beneath the cortex that connect cortical neurons to each other and to lower CNS areas.

Corpus Callosum

C-shaped white matter structure connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Choroid Plexus

Network of capillaries that is the site of CSF production; each ventricle has one.

Fornix

White matter structure inferior to the corpus callosum that connects parts of the cerebrum with the diencephalon.

Septum Pellucidum

Thin membrane between the corpus callosum and fornix; separates the two lateral ventricles.

Ventricles

Cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Lateral Ventricles

The cavities within the cerebrum on the left and right hemisphere filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

FIssure

Which is more prominent a sulcus or fissure

The central sulcus

What visible structure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Frontal lobe: movements for speech, Parietal lobe: process somatosensory information, Temporal bone - auditory sensations, Occipital bone: process visual information, Insula: Perception of taste.

List the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and state at least one function associated with each lobe

Diencephalon

Brain region located deep to the cerebrum and above the brainstem; includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Thalamus

Paired, egg-shaped structures inferior to the fornix; filters and relays sensory input (except smell) to the cerebral cortex.

Interthalamic Adhesion

Connects the two halves of the thalamus.

Hypothalamus

Brain structure located inferior to the thalamus; responsible for regulating homeostasis and filtering incoming olfactory information.

Optic Chiasm

Important point in the pathway for visual signals from the eye to the brain

Optic nerve

Bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from the retina to the Brian.

Mammillary Bodies

Small, round projections on the underside of the hypothalamus; potentially involved in memory and olfactory processing.

Pituitary Gland

Endocrine gland attached to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum; secretes hormones such as growth hormone, FSH, and TSH. (red arrow)

Infundibulum

Thin stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. (green arrow)

Third Ventricle

Narrow cavity located between the right and left sides of the diencephalon; filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Hormone release, Blood pressure, heart rate, memory, body temperature regulation

List five functions of the Hypothalamus:

The two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum

What are the first and second ventricles, and where are they?