Chapter 16 - Lab

Cerebrum - Largest portion of the brain; responsible for conscious thought processes.
Diencephalon - Smallest portion of the brain; controls many homeostatic processes.
Brain Stem - Connects higher brain regions to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Cerebellum - Coordinates body movements.
Cranial Meninges - Three layers of connective tissue that protect the soft tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
Pia Mater - Very thin and nearly transparent layer of areolar connective tissue; directly covers the brain's surface
Arachnoid Mater - Has a webbed-like appearance
Subarachnoid Space - Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - Supports and protects the brain; delivers nutrients and removes waste.
Dura Mater - Consists of two layers of dense irregular tissue, an inner meningeal layer and an outer periosteal layer.

Meningeal Layer – The inner layer of the dura mater; lies next to the arachnoid mater.

Periosteal Layer – The outer layer of the dura mater; lines the inside of the cranium.

Describe the position of the cerebellum relative to the brain stem - Posterior/Dorsal

What are some problems a person might have if a stroke damaged his cerebellum - loss of motor coordination and problems with balance. 

Between which of the cranial meninges is cerebrospinal fluid found - Pia mater and Arachnoid Mater

Cerebral Cortex – Outer gray matter of the cerebrum containing billions of neuron bodies; responsible for conscious thought.
Gray Matter – Contains neuron somas, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. General function is integration - the processing of information
Gyri (Gyrus) – Folds of brain tissue that increase surface area of the cerebral cortex.
Sulci (Sulcus) – Narrow grooves between gyri on the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral Hemispheres  - the left and right halves of the brain

Longitudinal Fissure – Deep midsagittal groove dividing the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.
Frontal Lobe – Anterior part of the cortex; involved in somatic motor control, speech, intellect, task management, and personality.
 Precentral Gyrus – Part of the frontal lobe that directs somatic motor commands.
Parietal Lobe – Located at the top of each hemisphere; processes somatosensory info like touch and body position, and also language.
Central Sulcus – Separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
Postcentral Gyrus – Region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing somatosensory input.
Temporal Lobe – Found inferior to the parietal lobe; processes auditory and olfactory sensations.
Lateral Sulcus – Separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Occipital Lobe – Posterior lobe of the cortex; processes visual information.
Insula – Deep lobe beneath the lateral sulcus; associated with taste perception.

Cerebral White Matter – Tracts of myelinated axons beneath the cortex that connect cortical neurons to each other and to lower CNS areas.

Corpus Callosum – C-shaped white matter structure connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Allows for communication between the left and right cerebral hemispheres 

Choroid plexus - network of capillaries that is the site of CSF production, each ventricle has a choroid plexus

Fornix – White matter structure inferior to the corpus callosum that connects parts of the cerebrum with the diencephalon.

Septum Pellucidum – Thin membrane between the corpus callosum and fornix; separates the two lateral ventricles.

Ventricles – Cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Lateral Ventricle - Green Arrow

Which is more prominent a sulcus or fissure - FIssure

What visible structure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe - The central sulcus

List the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and state at least one function associated with each lobe - Frontal lobe: movements for speech, Parietal lobe: process somatosensory information, Temporal bone - auditory sensations, Occipital bone: process visual information, Insula: Perception of taste.

Diencephalon – Brain region located deep to the cerebrum and above the brainstem; includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. Involved in homeostatic functions 

Thalamus – Paired, egg-shaped structures inferior to the fornix; filters and relays sensory input (except smell) to the cerebral cortex.

Interthalamic Adhesion – Connects the two halves of the thalamus.

Hypothalamus – Brain structure located inferior to the thalamus; responsible for regulating homeostasis and filtering incoming olfactory information.
Mammillary Bodies – Small, round projections on the underside of the hypothalamus; potentially involved in memory and olfactory processing.
Pituitary Gland – Endocrine gland attached to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum; secretes hormones such as growth hormone, FSH, and TSH.
Infundibulum – Thin stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
Third Ventricle – Narrow cavity located between the right and left sides of the diencephalon; filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).