AP CHEM 😛

Group 1

Alkali Metals

Group 2

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 3-12

Transition Metals

Group 17

Halogens

Group 18

Noble Gases

Isotope

Elements w/ diff numbers of neutrons

Coulomb’s Law

F is proportional to q1*q2/r² => q1:nucleus, q2:electron, r:distance between

Electrostatic Force

The attraction between opposite charges; calculated w/ coulomb’s law

ionization/binding energy

energy needed to remove an electron from an atom

aufbau principle

electrons are placed in shells, subshells, and orbitals in order of increasing energy

pauli exclusion principle

two electrons sharing an orbital must have opposite spins

hund’s rule

when an electron is added to a subshell, it will occupy a free orbital. electrons will only pair up if there are no more free orbitals.

dipole

a pair of opposite electric charges sepparated by some distance

lattice energy

bond energy required to break ions out of ionic compounts

interstitial alloy

alloy made from atoms of vastly different radii; smaller atoms occupy the gaps between the larger ones

substitutional alloy

alloy made from alloys of similar radii

bond energy

energy required to pull apart bonded atoms

interneuclear distance

distance between nuclei of atoms

resonant structures

lewis structures that vary only in placement of lone electrons and double/triple bonds

formal charge

assigned electrons - valence eletrons of neutral atom (to judge most preferable lewis structure)

dipole moment

measurement of the separation between two oppositely charged atoms?

polarizability

tendency to distort electron density (causing a temporary dipole)

vapor pressure

pressure exerted by vapors (determined by IMF strength and temp: high IMF => lots of energy to escape into vapor phase => low pressure, high temp. => easier to break IMF => higher vapor pressure)

boiling point

temperature neessary to raise a substance’s vapor pressure up to the atmospheric pressure

partial pressure

x=moles of gas a/total moles of gas; partial pressure=x*total pressure

effusion

gas movement through tiny holes (ex: balloon deflating)

density

D=m/V or w/ ideal gas equation, D=P(Molar Mass)/RT

Dalton’s Law

total pressure = sum of all the partial pressures

absorbance

amount of light at a certain wavelength absorbed by a molecule in a solution (calculated w/ Beer’s law)

Beer’s Law

Absorbtion=(molar absorbity, a constant depending on the molecule and wavelength used)(length of the bath of light through the solution - cm)(concentration of the solution) => A=ebc