Year 9 History Revision

Agricultural Revolution

A period of agricultural development marked by improved farming methods, leading to increased food production.

Enclosure Movement

The consolidation of small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England, increasing agricultural efficiency.

Natural Resources

Materials such as coal and iron that were abundant in Britain and fueled the Industrial Revolution.

Urbanisation

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, often associated with industrialisation.

Child Labour

The employment of children in various industries, often under harsh conditions and for low wages.

Positive Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

Increased job opportunities, economic wealth, mass production, and improved technology.

Negative Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

Problems such as pollution, overcrowded cities, unsafe workplaces, and child labor abuses.

Industrialisation

The growth of factories and machine production leading to mass production and economic change.

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing respect, family loyalty, education, and good governance.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China (1839–1860) over the opium trade, leading to significant concessions from China.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China (1850–1864) led by Hong Xiuquan, due to poverty, corruption, and opposition to the Qing government.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China in 1900, led by a secret society known as the Boxers.

Capitalism

An economic system where businesses are privately owned and operated for profit.

Mechanisation

The process of replacing human labor with machines in production.

Mass Production

The manufacturing of goods in large quantities, using standardized processes.

Effects of the Taiping Rebellion

Resulted in millions of deaths, significant destruction, and weakened the Qing Dynasty.

Treaty of Nanjing

The 1842 treaty that ended the First Opium War, imposing harsh terms on China, including ceding Hong Kong to Britain.

Cultural Features of China

Elements like ancestor worship, calligraphy, and silk production that reflect Chinese traditions and values.

Merchants in Chinese Society

Individuals often wealthy but viewed with low social status as they profited from others' labor.

Steam Engine

A crucial invention that powered factories and transformed transportation during the Industrial Revolution.

Steamships

Ships powered by steam engines that revolutionized maritime trade and transport.

Telegraph

A communication device that allowed for long-distance transmission of messages via electrical signals.