2. Intro to epidemiology - PID

Epidemiology

The science of study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

non-communicable disease

A noninfectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person.

multiple

Analytical studies involve studying (ONE/MULTIPLE) groups.

One

Descriptive studies involve studying (ONE/MULTIPLE) groups.

descriptive

Studies can be either analytical or

analytical

Studies can be either descriptive or

observational

Studies can be either experimental or

experimental

Studies can be either observational or

experimental

A study in which researchers had control over the variables is an (EXPERIMENTAL/OBSERVATIONAL) study.

observational

A study in which researchers had no control over the variables is an (EXPERIMENTAL/OBSERVATIONAL) study.

cohort

A study can either be a cross-sectional study or a ______ study.

cross-sectional

A study can either be a cohort study or a _________________ study.

Many times

In a cohort study, individuals are observed (ONCE/MANY TIMES).

Once

In a cross-sectional study, individuals are observed (ONCE/MANY TIMES).

retrospective

A study can either be prospective or

prospective

A study can either be retrospective or

Forward

A prospective study is looking (FORWARD/BACKWARD) in time for data.

backward

A retrospective study is looking (FORWARD/BACKWARD) in time for data.

Numerator

When measuring disease frequency in terms of rates, the number of animals to whom something happened during a period would be the (NUMERATOR/DENOMINATOR).

denominator

When measuring disease frequency in terms of rates, the number of animals at risk during a period would be the (NUMERATOR/DENOMINATOR).

surveillance

The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data.

Latent period

Time from infection to infectiousness.

Latent period

The period where the pathogen is replicating in the host but not shedding yet.

Infectious period

The period in which the pathogen is shed by the individual.

infectiousness

Latent period and infectious period are based on

clinical signs

Incubation period and symptomatic period are based on

incubation period

The time from infection to onset of disease.

incubation period

The period where the pathogen replicates but no clinical signs are observed.

symptomatic period

The period where there is observation of clinical signs

Epizootic

Epidemic is to human med as _________ is to vet med

Enzootic

Endemic is to human med as _________ is to vet med

Panzootic

Pandemic is to human med as _________ is to vet med

Epidemic

Human Med: excessive occurrence of a disease in a particular geographic region.

Epizootic

Vet Med: excessive occurrence of a disease in a particular geographic region.

Endemic

Human Med: disease that is regularly present in a particular geographic region.

Enzootic

Vet Med: disease that is regularly present in a particular geographic region.

pandemic

Human Med: epidemic at a worldwide scale

Panzootic

Vet Med: epizootic at a worldwide scale

Prevention, control

Epidemiology is most relevant in terms of disease ________ and _________.

Control

Epidemiologic attempt to reduce the burden of disease on a population.

Prevention

Epidemiologic attempt to keep diseases out of a population.

SIR model

An overly simplified model of infectious disease based on three categories.

Infected

In a compartment model of disease, a susceptible individual exposed to a pathogen becomes

infectious shedder

In a compartment model of disease, an infected individual becomes an

diseased

In a compartment model of disease, an infectious shedder individual becomes

die

In a compartment model of disease, a diseased individual can become a carrier, recover, or

recover

In a compartment model of disease, a diseased individual can become a carrier, die, or

carrier

In a compartment model of disease, a diseased individual can die, recover, or become a

stronger, association

In determining causation in epidemiology, the _______ the _______ between a risk factor and outcome, the more likely the relationship is to be causal.

strength of association

The first step to determine causation in epidemiology is to establish the

consistency of findings

The second step to determine causation in epidemiology is evaluate the

temporal sequence of association

The third step to determine causation in epidemiology is to establish the

biological plausibility

The fourth step to determine causation in epidemiology is to establish the

experiment

The fifth step to determine causation in epidemiology is to

same findings, populations, designs, times

To validate suspected causation, the __________ __________ should be observed among different _________, in different study __________, and different _________.

exposure, outcome

________ must precede ________.

mechanism

To establish biological plausibility, there must be demonstration of a potential biological

removal, exposure, frequency

To determine causation in epidemiology, it must be demonstratable that __________ of the ___________ alters the __________ of the outcome.