Epidemiology
The science of study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
non-communicable disease
A noninfectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person.
multiple
Analytical studies involve studying (ONE/MULTIPLE) groups.
One
Descriptive studies involve studying (ONE/MULTIPLE) groups.
descriptive
Studies can be either analytical or
analytical
Studies can be either descriptive or
observational
Studies can be either experimental or
experimental
Studies can be either observational or
experimental
A study in which researchers had control over the variables is an (EXPERIMENTAL/OBSERVATIONAL) study.
observational
A study in which researchers had no control over the variables is an (EXPERIMENTAL/OBSERVATIONAL) study.
cohort
A study can either be a cross-sectional study or a ______ study.
cross-sectional
A study can either be a cohort study or a _________________ study.
Many times
In a cohort study, individuals are observed (ONCE/MANY TIMES).
Once
In a cross-sectional study, individuals are observed (ONCE/MANY TIMES).
retrospective
A study can either be prospective or
prospective
A study can either be retrospective or
Forward
A prospective study is looking (FORWARD/BACKWARD) in time for data.
backward
A retrospective study is looking (FORWARD/BACKWARD) in time for data.
Numerator
When measuring disease frequency in terms of rates, the number of animals to whom something happened during a period would be the (NUMERATOR/DENOMINATOR).
denominator
When measuring disease frequency in terms of rates, the number of animals at risk during a period would be the (NUMERATOR/DENOMINATOR).
surveillance
The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data.
Latent period
Time from infection to infectiousness.
Latent period
The period where the pathogen is replicating in the host but not shedding yet.
Infectious period
The period in which the pathogen is shed by the individual.
infectiousness
Latent period and infectious period are based on
clinical signs
Incubation period and symptomatic period are based on
incubation period
The time from infection to onset of disease.
incubation period
The period where the pathogen replicates but no clinical signs are observed.
symptomatic period
The period where there is observation of clinical signs
Epizootic
Epidemic is to human med as _________ is to vet med
Enzootic
Endemic is to human med as _________ is to vet med
Panzootic
Pandemic is to human med as _________ is to vet med
Epidemic
Human Med: excessive occurrence of a disease in a particular geographic region.
Epizootic
Vet Med: excessive occurrence of a disease in a particular geographic region.
Endemic
Human Med: disease that is regularly present in a particular geographic region.
Enzootic
Vet Med: disease that is regularly present in a particular geographic region.
pandemic
Human Med: epidemic at a worldwide scale
Panzootic
Vet Med: epizootic at a worldwide scale
Prevention, control
Epidemiology is most relevant in terms of disease ________ and _________.
Control
Epidemiologic attempt to reduce the burden of disease on a population.
Prevention
Epidemiologic attempt to keep diseases out of a population.
SIR model
An overly simplified model of infectious disease based on three categories.
Infected
In a compartment model of disease, a susceptible individual exposed to a pathogen becomes
infectious shedder
In a compartment model of disease, an infected individual becomes an
diseased
In a compartment model of disease, an infectious shedder individual becomes
die
In a compartment model of disease, a diseased individual can become a carrier, recover, or
recover
In a compartment model of disease, a diseased individual can become a carrier, die, or
carrier
In a compartment model of disease, a diseased individual can die, recover, or become a
stronger, association
In determining causation in epidemiology, the _______ the _______ between a risk factor and outcome, the more likely the relationship is to be causal.
strength of association
The first step to determine causation in epidemiology is to establish the
consistency of findings
The second step to determine causation in epidemiology is evaluate the
temporal sequence of association
The third step to determine causation in epidemiology is to establish the
biological plausibility
The fourth step to determine causation in epidemiology is to establish the
experiment
The fifth step to determine causation in epidemiology is to
same findings, populations, designs, times
To validate suspected causation, the __________ __________ should be observed among different _________, in different study __________, and different _________.
exposure, outcome
________ must precede ________.
mechanism
To establish biological plausibility, there must be demonstration of a potential biological
removal, exposure, frequency
To determine causation in epidemiology, it must be demonstratable that __________ of the ___________ alters the __________ of the outcome.