CH 1/3 Review (3116)

is the amount of ionization produced in air when ionizing radiation is present

exposure

Diagnostic efficacy is ________ when essential images are produced with the least radiation exposure to the patient

maximized

does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison

BERT

Children are significantly ______ radiation sensitive to ionizing radiation than adults.

more

The mSv is a _____ of the Sv.

subunit

X-rays are carriers of _______ electromagnetic energy

human-made

In clinical situations, scattered photons reach the image receptor and ______ image quality

decrease

In a diagnostic x-ray beam, the ultimate destination of photons is the ______ receptor.

image

_______________________ is the product of electron tube current and the amount of time in seconds that the x-ray tube is activated

miliampere-seconds (mAs)

Use of a positive contrast medium leads to an _______ in absorbed dose in the body structures that contain it.

increase

Which of the following interactions between x-radiation and matter does not occur within the range of diagnostic radiology?

a. Coherent scattering

b. Compton scattering

c. Photoelectric absorption

d. Pair production

pair production

Which of the following increases radiation exposure to the patient and potentially to the radiographer?

a. Production of optimal quality images with the first exposure

b. Use of appropriate radiation protection procedures

c. Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness

d. Limited radiographic examination, as ordered by the radiologist

Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness

The passage of primary x-ray photons through a patient without interaction in body tissue is called what?

a. Absorption

b. Attenuation

c. Indirect transmission

d. Direct transmission

Direct transmission

To implement an effective radiation safety program in a facility that provides imaging services, the employer must provide all of the following except:

a. The necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program

b. X-ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high milliamperage

c. A written policy statement describing this ALARA program and identifying the commitment of management to keeping all radiation exposure ALARA that must be available to all employees in the workplace

d. Perform periodic exposure audits to determine how radiation in the workplace may be lowered

X-ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high milliamperage

Most scattered radiation produced during radiographic procedures is the direct result of which of the following?

a. Photoelectric absorption

b. Nuclear decay

c. Image-formation electrons

d. Compton interactions

Compton interactions

Both patient and imaging personnel radiation doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when:

a. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable

b. Referring physicians stop ordering imaging procedures

c. Orders for imaging procedures are determined only by medical insurance companies

d. Patients assume sole responsibility for ordering their imaging procedures

Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable

Of the following interactions between x-radiation and matter, which only occur above the range of diagnostic radiology? 1

. Photoelectric absorption

2. Pair production

3. Photodisintegration

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. 1, 2, and 3

2 and 3 only

In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited, thereby:

a. Completely eliminating the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects

b. Not changing the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects

c. Increasing the potential for adverse biologic effects

d. Reducing the potential for adverse biologic effects

Reducing the potential for adverse biologic effects

To reduce radiation exposure to the patient:

1. Reduce the amount of the x-ray “beam on” time

2. Use as much distance as warranted between the x-ray tube and the patient for the examination

3. Use specific area shielding devices

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. 1, 2 and 3

1, 2 and 3

Which of the following is/are true about x-rays?

1. can have varying degrees of penetration in normal biological tissue

2. can be focused by a lens

3. are invisible

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. 1, 2 and 3

1 and 3 only

Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained from diagnostic images for the clinical management of medical needs is termed:

a. Artificial radiation

b. Enhanced natural background radiation

c. Human-made radiation

d. Unnecessary radiation

Unnecessary radiation

Within the energy range of diagnostic radiology, as absorption of electromagnetic energy in biologic tissue increases, the potential for biologic damage:

a. Decreases slightly

b. Decreases significantly

c. Increases

d. Remains the same

Increases

When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with:

a. Maximal radiation exposure to the patient

b. Minimal radiation exposure to the patient

c. Scattered radiation exposure to the patient

d. Secondary radiation exposure to the patient

Minimal radiation exposure to the patient

Which of the following recommend the use of BERT for improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x-ray procedure?

a. Environmental Protection Agency

b. Occupational Safety and Health Administration

c. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

d. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

The quality, or penetrating power, of an x-ray beam is controlled by:

a. The absorption characteristics of the patient being radiographed

b. Fluorescent yield

c. mAs

d. kVp

kVp

Which of the following terms is an attempt to provide a quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans?

a. Absorbed dose

b. Effective dose

c. Exposure

d. Diagnostic efficacy

Effective dose

Typically, people are more likely to accept a risk if they perceive that:

a. They have no other options

b. They have positive assurance that they will have a good outcome in terms of prognosis

c. The potential benefit to be obtained by themselves is greater than the risk of injury

d. The radiologic procedure will absolutely not cause any pain or discomfort

The potential benefit to be obtained by themselves is greater than the risk of injury

For a diagnostic radiologic examination, the selection of technical exposure factors using an optimal kVp and mAs combination:

a. Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality but increases patient dose

b. Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality while minimizing patient dose

c. Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality without affecting patient dose

d. Affects neither the quality of the completed radiographic image nor the patient dose

Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality while minimizing patient dose

Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in:

a. No significant change in total radiation exposure to the patient or the radiographer

b. A slight decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer

c. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and a potential increase in total radiation exposure to the radiographer

d. A significant decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer

An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and a potential increase in total radiation exposure to the radiographer

Direct transmission means that what happens with the X-ray photons?

a. They are absorbed into biologic tissue on interaction

b. They are completely scattered within biologic tissue on interaction

c. They pass through biologic tissue without interaction

d. They pass through biologic tissue with some interaction

They pass through biologic tissue without interaction

If a radiographer makes an error in selecting technical radiographic exposure factors for a specific projection of an anatomic body part, the projection can be repeated without an increase in radiation dose for the patient and a potential dose increase for the radiographer.

false

Diagnostic efficacy provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified.

true

A health care facility must have a written policy statement describing the Radiation Safety Program. The statement must also identify the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure ALARA and must be available to all employees in the workplace.

true

Production of high-energy x-ray photons is a consequence of ionization in human cells.

false

Humans are not continuously exposed to sources of ionizing radiation.

false