Immunology Exam 1

3 things commensals can do

mtabolic functions, protective, immune system development

a macrophage can contain many _____ for bacteria, which is how it's innate

PRRs

adaptive response has how many receptors

infinite, highly specific

all bacteria have which genetic material

dna

antigen

anythng that activates immune response by binding to a receptor

conserved antigens are

pamps - pathogen associated molecular patterns

conserved portion of bacteria

lps, lpa/ta, genetics

cytoplasmic infections have what protection

nk cells, cd8 t cells

epithelial surfaces have waht protection

peptides, igA antibody

extracellular pathogens can be on

interstitial spaces, blood, lymph, epithelial

extracellular- interstitial places have waht protection

complement proteins, phagocytes, antibodies

fungi causes infections in ….

limited, mostly immunocompromised people

fungi cell wall has

carbs-- B-glucans, chitin, mannans 

fungi cell wall is highly

conserved

fungi is

eukaryotic

gram - cell wall contains

lps

gram positive cell wall has

lta, teichoic acid TA, peptidoglycan

helminths are ____ eukaryotes

multicellular

how does a capsule protect bacteria

inhibits recognition by the innate immune system-- virulence factor

in helminths, the conserved molecule is

the cuticle

innate specificity includes

fixed number of PRRs, the entire response is nonspecific, targeting gram negative versus e.coli

intracellular pathogens can be in

cytoplasmic, vesicular

how does long term antibiotic use cause c diff

kills good bacteria, so pathognic can flourish and leak into the gut

naked viruses do not have a

envelope around capsid

non conserved, specific antigens are recognized by

adaptive (hemagglutin, neuraminidase)

pamps are recognized by

pattern recognition receptors (Prrs)

pamps trigger

innate response

protozoan parasites are ______ eukaryotes

unicellular

rna can be an

antigen

some commensal microorganisms are ______ pathogens

oppurtunistic

specific timeline for adaptive after first response

1-5 d

the conserved portion of viruses

genetics

outer envelope has

phospholipid bilayer with glycoprotiens

a toll like receptor is

a type of prr

vesicular infections protect with

t cell, nk cell dependent macrophages 

virus genetic material is surrounded by

a protein capsid

when does the adaptive immune system activate quicker?

after 2nd exposure

is it worse to lack innate or adaptive system

innate

hematopoiesis

development of blood cells, in the red bone marrow

HSCs

hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate

hematopoetics stem cells give rise to

common lymphoid precursor or common myeloid precursor

myeloid precursors give rise to

the typical blood cells

innate lymphoid cells include

nk cells

erythrocytes are

rbc

erythrocytes do

transport oxygen

megakaryocytes make

platelets

leukocytes

wbc- cells of immune system

most numerous blood cells

erythrocytes

what else do rbcs transport

complement tagged material to liver and spleen for removal by macrophages

mast cells live

in tissues around blood cessels

mast cells help defend against

helminth parasites and type I allergic reactions, help initiate innate

eosinophils defend against

helminths, type 1 allergic

basophils can protect against

helminth, alleric rxn, respiratory pathogens

most abundant leukocyte

neutrophils- phagocytes

monocytes are the precursors for

macrophages

where do macrophages live

cirulate in tissues- on patrol

when macrophages detect antigens, it

releases cytokines to initiate immune reponse

dendrites are also known as

antigen presenting cells

how do dendrites prsent antigens

patrol, bind to antige, take to secondary lymphoids, presnt to t cells, initiate adaptive response

what is the bridge between innate and adaptive

dendrites

plasmacytoid dendritic cells

secrete type 1 interferons and activate antivirals (ifn-y)

b cells differentiate into

plasma cells, secrete antibodies

small lymphocytes are indistinguisible but become

b or t cells

plasma cells (b cells) are in the ___ and do

tissue- make antibodies and tag pathogens to be removed

nk cells do

kill cells infected with virus, kill early tumors, help cd8

ILCs are

helper innate lymphoid cells

ILCs do

produce sytokines and help innate, parallell cd4 function

lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTis)

development of secondary lymph tissue

order number abundance of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils

cirulates in tissue

plasma cells, t cells, ilc, dedritic, macrophages

bone marrow cells contain

precursors, megakaryocytes, erythroblasts

monocytes are precursors to

macrophages

which cell produces platelets that clot blood

megakaryocytes

blood plasma leaks from blood vessels and forms

extracellular fluid (lymph)

lymphatic vessels..

drain lymph to secondary lymphoid tissues and then back to blood circulation

b and t cell development

bone marrow and thymus

name secondary lymphoid tissues

lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s patch, tonsils, adenoids, appendix

what do b and t cells do when in secodary lymphoid tissues

sample antigens that arrive in lymph

if b and t cells are not activated in secondary tissues, then

they move to blood via lymphatic vessels and continue to circulate until activation

first line of defense

skin and mucosal surfaces

second stage of immune response

microbes are detected by macrophages and mast cells that initiate, and dendritic cells that activate t cells

third stage of immunity

inflammation, fever, neutrophils, nk cells, ILC

mucosal surfaces are more ____ than skin and _____

delicate, permeable

chemical and microbiological epithelial defense

antimicrobials; microbes

chemical skin defenses

fatty acids, antimicrobial peptides

chemical gut defenses

low pH

COMMENSAL gram - bacteria can do what in the gut

can remove a negative charged phosphate group from LPS

what happened when the phosphate group was removed from LPS in the gut

antimicrobial peptides were less effective against bacteria, the negative charge that they were attracted to was gone

PRRs can bind to DAMPS, which are

danger associated molecular patterns- antigens that signal cell stress/damage

when prr binds to pamps it…

does phagocytosis or activates inflammatory pathways

in phagocytosis, the phagosome fuses…

with a lysosome to form a phagolysosomea nd it’s destroyed by antimicrobes

opsonization

the coating of a particle to promote phagocytosis; there are phagocytic receptors for the opsonins

two groups of cytokines

interleukins and interferons

chemokines

cytokines that want chemotaxis towards the chemokine

binding of a pamp results in

production of inflammatory cytokines

toll like receptors are on

cell surface and endosomes

nod-like and rig-I-like receptors and dna sensors are in

cytoplasm

cytokines are

proteins (signaling molecules)