Chapter 4: Canada's Population in a Global Context

Evolutionary biology theory

Theory claiming that in the animal kingdom, pregnant females when faced by severe stressors preferentially abort frail male fetuses.

Composition

The distribution of the population in accordance with the intersecting characteristics of age and sex.

Fertility

Shifts in age composition are caused by changes in ______ (mostly) and mortality.

Females

______ live longer than males.

Sex ratio

Numerical balance between males and females in a population.

Aging transition

Societies pass from an initially young to an eventual aging structure.

Gross reproduction rate (GRR)

Measures the average number of daughters born to a women, given a prevailing schedule of age- specific fertility rates.

Life expectancy at birth

Measure of survival determined by a population's age-specific mortality rates.

Stationary age structure

Structure in which annual rates of natural increase remain exactly zero indefinitely due to equal numbers of births and deaths annually.

Stable population

Structure with very low constant rates of natural growth.

Net reproduction rate (NRR)

Measure of a population reproductivity.

Ergodic property of populations

The tendency for populations to eventually "forget "their initial age distributions.

Hormone, conception

Sex-ratio at birth is controlled by parental ________ levels at the time of ______

Age distribution

Those under 15 (youth), those aged 15-64 (working age), and those aged 65+ (post-retirement)

Total dependency ratio

The ratio of youth + old-age dependents ÷ working-age population

Age-sex pyramid

A pictorial representation of the age and sex composition of the population

Median age

The age that divides the distribution in half (half the population is above the median and the other half is below)

Intrinsic rate of natural increase

The difference between the intrinsic birth rate and the intrinsic death rate

Intrinsic birth rate

Rate at which mothers bear their daughters in a stable population, determined by a set of constant age-specific birth rates

Intrinsic death rate

Death rate in a stable population, determined by a set of constant age-specific death rates

100 years

Time it takes for a populations age structure to change completely

Population momentum

M = the size of the stationary population ÷ size of the initial population

Increase

When M is greater than 1, there is a population

Momentum

When M =1, there is no ________

Decline

When M is below1, there is a population _________

Primary sex ratio

Ratio of males to females at conception

Secondary sex ratio

Ratio of males to females at birth

Tertiary sex ratio

Ratio of males to females at birth beyond infancy

Males

______ are at greater risk of death than females throughout the entire lifecycle

103-107

Normal range of sex-ratio: ____-____ boys born for 100 girls

Low, high

High sex ratio for black and white populations (more men than women) meant _____ levels of family disruption and ______ rates of violent crime

Low, high

Low sex ratio (more women than men) meant ______ rates of violent crime and ______ levels of family disruption

Advantage

Women have a survival ______ over men

Workers, labor

Total dependency ratio helps to obtain a measure of a society’s overall dependency on the _____, who must provide for those not in the _____ force

Dependents, workers

If the dependency ratio is greater than 100 = more _______ than _____ in the population

Workers, dependents

If the dependency ratio is below 100 = more ______ than _______ in the population

Youth, median

Populations with relatively large old-age components tend to have relatively small ______ components and have a relatively high _______ age

Bulge, baby boom

Canada has an urn-shaped pyramid because it has a _____ in middle. The largest segment of population is the ____ _____ generation

Better

The higher the life expectancy, the ______ survival probability

Fertility

Greater GRR = higher _______

Younger

Declining mortality makes the age distribution _____ because there are more young people + more births

Younger

When the mortality declines are in infancy/early childhood, there is a _____ population

Aging

When mortality declines are in the ages 45+ such as in advanced societies nowadays, it is an ______ population

Different, identical

2 populations with ______ age structures will converge to ________ age compositions if they have identical age-specific birth and death rates over 70 years or more

115-130

Human sex ratio at conception is ____-____ males for every 100 females

Age

All 3 key demographic processes are dependent on ____

Sex, gender

All 3 key demographic processes are related to ____ and _____

Dependency

We use the age distribution to get a sense of the economic ________ burden in a given society

Negligible, minor

The effects of migration on age-sex structure are ______ since in large national populations, any amount of migration will only have a _____ impact

100

The sex ratio should be close to ____ males per 100 females

Abortion

More male than female fetuses are lost to spontaneous ______ or stillbirth