psychopathology 165 midterm review :)

based on professor farbers study review sheet + in class notes/presentations + textbook

distress (four ds of diagnosis)

defined by the individual, does the symptom cause suffering/concern

deviance (four ds of diagnosis)

noncompliance with social customs, can be weaponized and misunderstood in the context of marginalization (subjective)

dysfunction (four ds of diagnosis)

function vs role/potential, inability to perform responsibility

dangerousness (four ds of diagnosis)

hurting self or others, continuum

distress, deviance, dysfunction, dangerousness

four ds of diagnosis

trephining (demonology)

chipping open of skulls during the stone age to allow evil spirits to escape (some survived)

exorcism (demonology)

used by greeks, chinese, hebrews, egyptians, prayer noises, flogging, starvation, aimed to cast out evil

repentance for sin (demonology)

prayers, curses, epithets, holy water, flogging, starving, hot water

healthy cultural paranoia (cultural relativism)

adaptive response to lived experience of oppression, development of defense mechanisms as a consequence of systemic oppression, impacts on neural functioning, prevalence of overpathologizing in racial minorities

multicultural psychology (cultural relativism)

learning about worldviews, lifestyles, challenges cultures face, etc

cultural relativism

understanding ones beliefs and actions within the greater context of their cultural background

unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

stimulus that leads to an automatic response

unconditioned response (classical conditioning)

automatic response to a stimulus

conditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

neutral stimulus paired with ucs that triggers conditioned response

conditioned response (classical conditioning)

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

classical conditioning

ucs → ucr, ucs + ns → cr, cs → cr

positive reinforcement (operant conditioning)

encourages behavior, increasing likelihood of behavior

negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)

removes averse stimuli, increasing likelihood of behavior, NOT PUNISHMENT

operant conditioning

modification of behavior through reinforcement/punishment

defense mechanisms

unconscious psychological responses to protect from internal stress

repression (defense mechanisms)

subconsciously preventing dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness

reaction formation (defense mechanisms)

acting opposite to ones true feelings

projection (defense mechanisms)

distancing self desires by attributing thoughts to others

rationalization (defense mechanisms)

giving socially acceptable reasons for behaviors unrelated to true motives

displacement (defense mechanisms)

directing emotions to a substitute target

regression (defense mechanisms)

retreating to earlier developmental levels

reliability

degree to which a test yields the same results repeatedly under the same circumstances

test-retest (reliability)

yields same results at different points in time

internal consistency (reliability)

various parts of test give consistent results throughout

interrater (reliability)

consistency when administered by different administrators

validity

extent to which a test actually performs its intended function

predictive (validity)

how well a test predicts a persons behavior/response/performance

construct (validity)

how well a test relates to the characteristics/disorder in question

content (validity)

how well a test measures what its supposed to measure

psychological assessment

gathering info and drawing conclusions about the traits, skills, abilities, emotional functioning and psychological problems of an individual

clinical interview (psychological assessment)

observation of verbal/nonverbal behaviors and speciifc info assists in psychodiagnosis and treatment planning

formal standardized interview (psychological assessment)

yes/no or quantitative ratings, specific questions

unstructured interview (psychological assessment)

open ended questions, follow up discussion

mental status examination (psychological assessment)

uses questions, observations and tasks to briefly evaluate a clients cognitive, psychological and behavioral functioning, specific structured questions and open ended, focus on appearance, mood, affect, speech, thoughts, memory, knowledge, how does culture impact interpretation

projective personality test (psychological assessment)

presents client with ambiguous stimuli and client responds, interpretation by administrator is subjective and unreliable/invalid

self report inventory (psychological assessment)

assess personality, depression, anxiety and emotional reactivity, open ended questions, respond to list

intelligence tests (psychological assessment)

estimate current cognitive function to score iq (mean 100)

id (psychodynamic theory)

primal desires, unconscious

superego (psychodynamic theory)

ethical moral standards, unconscious

ego (psychodynamic theory)

realistic, compromise between id/superego

existential theory

fundamental struggle with givens of existence (meaninglessness, death, freedom, isolation)

dopamine (neurotransmitters)

motivation, reward seeking, movement, emotional responses, attention, planning, associated with depression

adrenaline/noradrenaline (neurotransmitters)

attention, arousal, consciousness, dreams, moods, stress, associated with anxiety

glutamete (neurotransmitters)

cognition, memory, learning, associated with depression

gaba (neurotransmitters)

inhibition, calming, moods, muscles, associated with anxiety

serotonin (neurotransmitters)

inhibition, temperature, moods, appetite, sleep, aggression, associated with anxiety/depression

cortisol (neurotransmitters)

steriods, stress, associated with anxiety/depression

melatonin (neurotransmitters)

sleep, associated with seasonal depression/ocd

oxytocin (neurotransmitters)

lactation, complex social behavior, associated with anxiety

biological (etiology of phobias)

amygdala signals hpa axis setting off fight/flight response which then travels to high level processing, misinterpretation/magnification cues worse anxiety, gaba availablity negatively correlates with anxiety, serotonin levels negatively correlate with arousal, gene alteration affects serotonin transport

psychological (etiology of phobias)

anxiety sensitivity, negative appraisal, reappraisal decreases symptoms

sociocultural (etiology of phobias)

low income brackets, lack of social support, discrimination/prejudice, internalized racism

social anxiety disorder

fear of scrutiny/embarrassment disproportionate to reality, leads to avoidance, often comorbid with depression, substance abuse, and suicidality

specific phobias

fear of object/situation disproportionate to reality, most common are creatures/environment/injury/situation

agoraphobia

fear of being unable to escape/losing control over oneself, leads to panic attacks

generalized anxiety disorder

persistent high levels of anxiety and worry

obsessive compulsive disorder

persistent anxiety producing thoughts/images, overwhelming need to act against anxiety/prevent event

localized (dissociative amnesia)

being unable to recall a specific event/period, usually trauma related

systemized (dissociative amnesia)

being unable to recall a specific category of memory

selective (dissociative amnesia)

being unable to recall small parts of events in a period of time

fugue (dissociative amnesia)

being unable to recall identity or past, reversible amnesia

somatic symptom disorder

reporting/reacting to distressing symptoms, testing doesnt reduce symptoms/anxiety, symptoms are real but hyperfocused on

illness anxiety disorder

fixating on having/getting sick despite lack of symptoms, disease conviction/fear/preoccupation, misinterpretation of sensations, cyberchondria

conversion disorder

symptoms inconsistent with recognized disorders brought on by stressors, cause distress/impairment, typically psychogenic movement/sensory disorders

factitious disorder

deliberately inducing symptoms for attention within self or others, formerly known as munchausen syndrome

(hypo)manic episode (criteria)

3 of following: elevated self esteem, lowered need for sleep, more talkative than usual, racing thoughts, easily distractible, restlessness, impulsivity - hypo 4 days long, manic 7 days long more severe

(major) depressive episode (criteria)

4 of following: appetite/weight disturbance, sleep disturbances, restlessness, fatigue, guilt/worthlessness, concentration difficulty, suicidality - 2 weeks long

faulty thinking

arbitrary inference, personalization, overgeneralization, magnificationminimization, polarized thinking, selective abstraction

bipolar 1 disorder

at least 1 manic episode that significantly impacts functioning most of the day for 7 days, may not have depression

bipolar 2 disorder

at least 1 depressive episode for 2 weeks and 1 hypomanic episode, less severe mania, underdiagnosed

hirsh study (suicide prevention)

higher pessimism and depressive symptoms are associated with lower existential wellbeing

marco study (suicide prevention)

meaning in life is a significant variable in preventing suicide in women with bpd

taliaferro study (suicide prevention)

higher spiritual wellbeing in college students is associated with lower suicidality

cutcliffe study (suicide prevention)

human connection and making meaning out of life are significant variables in recovery for survivors

joiner theory

perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belonging, leads to acquired capacity of suicide

protective factors in suicidality

sense of belonging, social connectedness, coping skills, distress tolerance, hope

anorexia nervosa

starving, pursuit of thinness, distorted body image

restrictive subtype (anorexia nervosa)

emphasis on dieting/exercise to lose weight

binge eating/purging subtype (anorexia nervosa)

pattern of binge eating food and vomiting or using diuretics to prevent weight gain/lose weight

bulimia nervosa

recurrent episodes of binging once per week for 3 months, loss of control, weight loss by purging, aware of disordered patterns, seeks to regulate emotions with food

at risk populations (eating disorders)

females, gay men, certain racial minorities have protective factors against

tolerance (substance abuse)

body adapts, progressive decrease in effectiveness

withdrawal (substance abuse)

negative physiological effects due to lack of use

physiological dependence (substance abuse)

body adapts to substance, intoxication becomes new baseline

addiction (substance abuse)

compulsive drug seeking, loss of control

intoxication (substance abuse)

pattern of behavior/physiological changes with substance use

psychoactive substances (substance abuse)

substances that alter mood, thought etc

moderate (drinking)

1 per day women, 2 per day men

heavy (drinking)

1 per day 7 per week women, 2 per day 14 per week men

binge (drinking)

episodic, 4 women 5 men

delirium tremens

withdrawal symptom, central nervous system damage, anxiety, agitation, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, lethargy

alcohol poisoning

impaired breathing, coma, death