CELL BIO EXAM I

Identify the three tenets of cell theory:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more ____.

cells

Identify the three tenets of cell theory:

2. The cell is the structural unit of ____.

life

Identify the three tenets of cell theory:

3. Cells arise only by ______ of a pre-existing cell.

division

Fundamental properties of all cells:

1. Cells are highly ______ and ________.

complex, organized

Fundamental properties of all cells:

2. Cells possess a _______ program and the means to use it.

genetic

Fundamental properties of all cells:

3. Cells Are Capable of Producing More of _______.

Themselves

Fundamental properties of all cells:

4. Cells Acquire and Utilize ______.

energy

Fundamental properties of all cells:

5. Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical ___________.

reactions

Fundamental properties of all cells:

6. Cells Engage in ________ Activities 

mechanical

Fundamental properties of all cells:

7. Cells Are Able to Respond to ______.

Stimuli

Fundamental properties of all cells:

8. Cells Are Capable of Self-_________.

Regulation

Fundamental properties of all cells:

9. Cells _____ over time.

evolve

what type of cells has these traits:

plasma membrane, ribosomes, motion through the flagella, cell wall, genetic material is in the nuclear area, division by simple fission, only one copy of a single chromosomes, sometimes can conjugate, can also pick up foreign DNA from its environment, bacteria.

prokaryotic

what type of cells has these traits:

plasma membrane, ribosomes, motion through the flagella and cilia, cell wall, genetic material is in the membrane bound nucleus, has membrane bound organelles, divide by mitosis, uses a miotic spindle, mostly cytoskeleton, complex

eukaryotic

These ____-celled organisms have machinery for sensing the environment, trapping food, expelling fluid, and evading predators in one cell.

single

The _____-celled have different cell types for different functions. The number and arrangement of the organelles relate to its function and activity.

multi

This is the formation of specialized cells

differentiation.

Cell size is limited by several factors:

1. Volume of cytoplasm supported by ____.

genes

Cell size is limited by several factors:

2. Volume of cytoplasm sustained by ______

nutrients

Cell size is limited by several factors:

3. Volume of cytoplasm to _____ ___ ratio.

surface area

Cell size is limited by several factors:

4. The distance which substrates can most efficiently ______.

diffuse

These are pathogens and intracellular obligate parasites, viral specificity is determined by its surface proteins since it needs to bind to the surface proteins of a host cell. Can infect bacteria

viruses

These are virus particles outside the host cell that contains genetic material and protein subunits called capsids, some even have a lipid envelope.

Virion

These are pathogens consisting of small, naked RNA molecules which cause disease by altering gene expression in a host cell.

viroids

These have medical basis in imaging and treatment.

These work through the emission of gamma radiation (EM radiation), they can be injected and will emit gamma rays as they decay, allowing for a detect signal that forms images in the form of x-rays.

radionuclides or radioisotopes.

This type of noncovalent bonding is responsible for water’s high cohesion, specific high heat, and solvent abilities. It occurs between polar groups

hydrogen bonding

This type of noncovalent bonding occurs between charged groups

Ionic bonding

This type of noncovalent bonding occurs when nonpolar molecules will cluster and aggregate in polar environments like water.

hydrophobic interactions

This type of bonding occurs through induced momentary dipoles that occur between weak attractions of molecules passing eachother.

van der waals forces

These react with free protons or hydroxyl ions and resist the change in pH.

buffers

These chemicals in fertilizer are crucial to plant growth. There is three

Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous

This biological molecule is made of monomers called monosaccharides, it is synthesized through a condensation reaction from glycosidic bonds between sugars, it functions as an energy source, structure, and storage.

carbohydrates

This biological molecule has monomers made of amino acids, it is synthesized through condensation reactions that link amino acids using peptide bonds, it functions as enzymes, structure, transport, and signaling.

proteins

This biological molecule has monomers made of nucleotides, it is synthesized through phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides together which is catalyzed by DNA/RNA polymerase during replication and transcription, functions to store genetic information, carry genetic messages, catalyze reactions, and act as energy currency

Nucleic acids

This biological molecule consists of fatty acids and glycerol as monomers, it is synthesized through ester bonds between fatty acids and glycerol, it functions as energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling.

lipids

This is synthesized through a condensation reaction from glycosidic bonds between sugars

carbohydrates

This is synthesized through condensation reactions that link amino acids using peptide bonds

proteins

This is synthesized through phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides together which is catalyzed by DNA/RNA polymerase during replication and transcription

nucleic acids

This is synthesized through ester bonds between fatty acids and glycerol

lipids

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only ________. In biological systems, this is importance for cells to differentiate the uses of energy.

transformed

The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transformations always _______ entropy. In biological systems, increasing entropy in surroundings help cells maintain order and decrease in entropy locally is used to make complex molecules by expending energy.

increase

This trait of enzymes lowers activation energy because specific shapes of the active sites and chemical environments will only bind to particular substrates

specificity

The proper ________ helps position the enzyme in the correct 3D alignment to react

orientation

The _______ of substrates can also increase the chance of reaction

proximity

The binding site may ____ or strain the bonds in the substrate, making it more like the transition state and lowering the energy.

distort

Active sites can create a ____________ (acidic, basic, hydrophobic) that stabilizes charges or intermediates.

microenvironment

These pathways are characterized by the breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller ones. This process generates energy. It features an exergonic reaction and are oxidative. Examples include glycolysis. Intermediate steps will provide building blocks

catabolic pathway

These pathways synthesize complex molecules from smaller precursors, it consumes energy, endergonic, reductive. Some examples is gluconeogenesis. Intermediate steps will use building blocks from catabolism

anabolic pathway

penicillin kills which kind of cells?

gram positive bacterial cells

This has DNA that is typically circular, has independent binary fission, and can be infected by bacteriophages.

bacteria

These have DNA or RNA, needs a host cell to replicate, and can infect other viruses or bacteria

viruses

An alpha helix is formed by the ______ bonds on the _________ of the polypeptide.

hydrogen, backbone

Energy couple happens via ATP hydrolysis (_______) powering ______ reactions. ENZYMES ENABLE COUPLING BY BINDING BOTH SUBSTRATES

exergonic, endergonic

What traits of an amino acid would you find on the surface of a globular water-soluble protein?

polar and hydrophilic

What traits of an amino acid would you find in the hydrophobic core?

nonpolar and hydrophobic

In DNA synthesis/elongation reactions what is the 5’ end?

phosphate

In DNA synthesis/elongation reactions what is the 3’ end?

hydroxyl

What type of inhibitor has been used if the Vmax is the same, Km increases, and the Lineweaver burke plots has lines intersecting the y axis?

competitive

What type of inhibitor has been used if the Vmax decreases, Km stays the same , and the Lineweaver burke plots has lines intersecting the x axis?

noncompetitive

Given a pair of reactions with certain ΔG°’ values, decide pairing which pairs of reactions will produce net exergonic reactions: pair the ________ (+) with the stronger ______ (-) so that the G is negative.

endergonic, exergonic

What values of H and S is needed to make reactions spontaneous?

H:__, S:__

-,+

What values of H and S is needed to make reactions nonspontaneous?

H:__, S:__

+,-

This is the measure of usable energy content. Example: NADPH, NADH

cells reducing power

Going from standard conditions to equilibrium, what happens to G°?

constant

Going from standard conditions to equilibrium, what happens to G?

approaches 0

These structures have TWO RINGS. EX: adenine, guanine

purines

These structures have ONE RING. EX: cytosine, thymine, uracil

pyrimidines

How does more enzyme change Vmax and Km?

Vmax ______ and Km ______

increases, stays the same

The protein with the most __________ bonds will be liquid at room temperature.

unsaturated

Beta lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial transpeptidase that weaken the ___ ____.

cell wall

What is the hydrophilic portion of phospholipids? It has a phosphate group

head

What is the hydrophobic portion of phospholipids? it has fatty acids

tails

Glucose + ATP results in Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP + H+

Step 1

Hexokinase

Step 1 enzyme

Glucose 6-Phosphate changes to form Fructose 6-phosphate

Step 2

Phosphoglucose Isomerase

Step 2 enzyme

Fructose 6-Phosphate + ATP results in Fructose 1,6-biphosphate + ADP + H+

Step 3

Phosphofructokinase

Step 3 enzyme

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate splits to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Step 4

Aldolase

Step 4 enzyme

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate rearranges to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Step 5

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

Step 5 enzyme

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + phosphate group results in 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

Step 6

Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Step 6 enzyme

1,3-biphosphoglycerate + ADP results in 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

Step 7

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

Step 7 enzyme

3-phosphoglycerate rearranges to form 2-phosphoglycerate

Step 8

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

Step 8 enzyme

2-phosphoglycerate results in a water molecule and phosphoenolpyruvate

Step 9

Enolase

Step 9 enzyme

Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H+ results in pyruvate + ATP

Step 10

Pyruvate Kinase

Step 10 enzyme

Glycine

Alanine

Proline

Valine

Leucine

methionine

phenylalanine

tyrosine