amer. history unit 5 study guide

reconstruction

a period in american history following the american civil war and lasting until approximately the compromise of 1877

lincolns reconstruction plan

plan was to reestablish them by meeting a minimum test of political loyalty, proclamation of amnesty, full pardons to most confederates, state government could be reestablished and accepted as legitimate, if african americans can read and write and serve in military, they be allowed to vote

johnsons reconstruction plan

let south mostly deal with it (10% loyalty, disenfranchisement), (couldnt grant pardons)

congressional reconstruction

replaced souths new state government with military rule, south divided into 5 military districts (except TN) under command of union generals, ratify 14th amendment

federal legislation/ economic effects of civil war

$2.6 billion obtained through war bonds, modernizing northern society (sped up norths manufacturing business

reconstruction amendments

abolished slavery, granted equal rights to formerly enslaved people, and enstrined the right to vote for people

compromise of 1877

an agreement by which rumford b hayes won the 1876 presidential election and in exchange agreed to remove all remaining federal troops from the south

black nadir

the low point in history when from the end of reconstruction through the early 20th century when racism was more open and pronounced than it had ever been

jim crow laws

legal segregation laws enacted in the south after reconstructional

disenfranchisement and strategies

the state of being deprived of a right of priviledge, especially the right to vote, the literacy rests, poll tax, and grandfather clause, (all gimicks to get around 15th amendment)

sharecropping

working on land owned by someone else keeping a portion of harvest, tenants were pressured to grow cash crops, workers bought supplies on credit with high interest rates

freedmens bureau

a federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and poor white farmers in the south after the civil war

plessy vs. ferguson

segregation, (1896) ruling: segregation is constitutional, “separate but equal doctrine”

exodusters

leaving to find a better way of life elsewhere

de facto vs. de jure segregation

facto: segregation by law (upheld by violence),

jure segregation: by law (upheld by state laws)

washington

promotes economic security and independence, gradual equality

du bois

immediate and complete equality, wrote the souls of black folks and criticized washingtons approach

wells

anti-lynching crusade in 1890s, one of founding members of NAACP

factors in great transformation

civil war, natural resources, population boom, railroad growth, railroad link to the ocean, business leadership technology and management, reinforced by american ideologies

trust/ monopoly

horizontal integration: control all businesses, owned by one person

vertical integration: control entire supply progress

laissez-faire

a theory advocating minimul government interference in the economy, leave it alone, gov. stayed out of business affairs and economy, natural order/ no interference

labor unions

formed to protect workers and fight for improved conditions/hours/ wages, usually just for one city or region, striking, picketingm boycotts, and slowdowns

urbanization

expansion of cities and/or an increase in the number of people living in them

old vs. new immigrants

old immigrants were protestants, mostly english speaking and had higher level of literacy and occupational skills, new immigrants coming more from southern and eastern europe, poor and illiterate peasants leaving autocratic countries

immigration restrictions

chinese exclusion act of 1882, contract labor act of 1885 (prohibited any company or individual from bringing unskilled immigrants into the US to work) literacy test

political machines and bosses

urban politics also consolidated power, bosses managed competing social, ethnic, and economic groups in cities, also known to be greedy and stole millions from taxpayers

settlement houses

community center organized at the turn of the twentieth century to provide social services to the urban poor

great american desert

homestead act brought 500k families out to the great american desert, before 1860 the lands between mississippi river and plush lands of oregan valley and pacific ocean referred to as this, mostly supported nearly 15 million buffalo

cattle frontier

vast open grasslands realized by ranchers after civil war, 5 million cattle roamed free in texas, KS railroads provided access to the easter markets for texas cattle, reached an end in1880s

farming frontier

homestead act, brought 500k families out the great american desert, sodbuster dealt with drought like conditions, 1/3 of homesteaders farms failed those who remained adopted dry farming and deep plowing techniques

turners frontier thesis

us census bureau declared the west had been fully settled by 1890, the closing of the frontier was a concern, turner argued the frontier shaped american culture by promoting independence and individualism

buffalo

they provided 250k natives with clothing, food, shelter, and tools, plains indians relied heavily on buffalo for survival

bureau of Indian affairs

federal agency within department of interior, manages reservation and policies relating to native people

boarding schools

Americanization, segregate them from their people, teach native children english, farming techniques, industrial skills, help them assimilate into white culture abandon traditional cultures and identify and to live like whites

dawes severalty act

broke up indian nations even on reservations divided up trial land into plots, US citizenship offered for anyone who stayed on land for 25 years and “adopted habits of civilized life”, natives lost est. 86 million of 138 million acres

indian citizenship act

it extended citizenship to all natives, but did not extend to voting rights (left to states)

farmers alliance

network of farmers organization that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s

populist party

political party formed in 1891 to advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms

gilded age

term coined by mark twain to describe the post reconstruction era as a fascade of prosperity

contract labor act

prohibited any company or individual from bringing unskilled immigrants into the united states to work under contract

sherman anti trust act

1914 law that strengthened the sherman antitrust act

pacific railway act

transcontinental railroad to link east and west

morrill tariff act

raised tarriff rates to increase revenue

homestead act

promoted settlement of great plains- free 160 acres of land to anyone who farmed it for 5 years

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Women's Rights after Civil war:

women gained the right to control their earnings, own property, and, in the case of divorce, take custody of their children. By 1896, women had gained the right to vote in four states (Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah).

Conflict with Native Americans

As settlers moved to the Northwest Territories and they built farms on what was Indian land. These settlers ignored treaties that America had signed with the Indians and fighting broke out between the Indians & the settlers. Often times the Indians used guns/muskets supplied to them by the British.1890's

the grange

 an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

significance of 1896 election

1\. populist demise 2. urban dominance 3. beginning of modern politics and one of highest turnouts ever... 80% of people voted