USA HISTORY 1

Achievements during John F. Kennedy's administration (1961-1963)

-Mantain the prosperity and economic growth in the US.

-Manage successfully the Cuban Missile Crisis, preventing a global nuclear conflict.

Important fact about John F. Kennedy´s presidency:

-Send an initiative to the US Congress, to help Latin American countries with 10 $US billion for economic growth, development, peace and reconstruction.

-US Congress, didn't approve that amount.

Bad side of JFK´s administration

Bay of Pigs (Bahía de Cochinos) Invasion

CIA trained men, by the US government, secretly went to Cuba, to prevent the rise of communism in Latin America and to stop Fidel Castro, in becoming the new Cuba´s president, at that time.

Bay of Pigs Operation, was a failure, because:

-The territory had a lot of coral recife.

-Some journalists revelead, the location of the CIA trained men in Cuba.

-Kennedy gave the order, to stop the second airstrike to Castro´s fleet in Cuba.

What is the Great Depression?

Economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world in US economy (and then globally)

Great Depression causes

(1929-1941)
Vulnerabilities in the global economy
Financial speculation
Blunders by the FED
Gold standard
The smooth-hawley art

Difference between depression and recession

Depression: economical downturn of a country, that can last a long time
Recession: economical downturn of a country that only lasts months or years

Liberalism

Adam Smith
government must not interfere in economy, forces of the market will solve it

Keynesianism

John Maynard Keynes
government must do an interaction on the economy when necessary

The gold standard

In the past they used precious metals and gold instead of dollars which led to a downfall of the economy. That's why Franklin Roosevelt solved the crisis by telling everyone to sell their gold and start using American dollar

In which year the USA entered the WWII

1941

US president, that during his administration, it was signed an armistice that stopped the Korean War

Dwight D. Einsenhower

"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country"

John F. Kennedy

New deal

It was a series of scale-relief programs and reforms that Franklin D. Roosevelt, implemented to counteract the economic effects of the Great Depression.
It played, a significant role in revitalizing the US economy.

New deal programs

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Which were the New deal programs?

WPA- Work Progress Administration
SSA- Social Security Administration
AAA- Agriculture Adjustment Administration
FSA- Farm Security Administration
FLSA- Fair Labor Standard Act
CCC- Civilian Conservation Corps

Work Progress Administration (WPA)

May 6, 1935
Alleviate the mass unemployment, it was terminated in 1943

Social Security Administration (SSA)

August 14, 1935
provide income to the elderly, the blind, the disabled and children in low-income houses

Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)

May 12, 1933
this legislation subsidized farmers to reduce crops, it double prices in 1937

Farm Security Administration (FSA)

1937
helped with rural rehabilitation, farm loans and subsistence homestead programs

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

April 5, 1933
Work relief program to give millions of young american people employment on environmental projects

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

June 25, 1938
intended to protect workers against certain unfair practices
minimun wages, requirements for overtime pay, and limitations on child labor

Cold War

(1945-1989)
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other

Cold War competation

Nuclear weapons
Allies
Natural Resources
Space Race etc

Cold-War related conflicts

developing countries of Asia, Africa and the Middle East - the so-called Third World or global South rebellions against colonial powers, civil wars, invasions and revolutions

the cold war era's most deadly conflicts

Korean War (1950-1953) and Vietnam War (1961-1975) each of which claimed millions of lives

military alliance established on April 4, 1949 of countries from Europe and North America

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

political and military alliance established on May 14, 1955 between the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries

Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO)

Cold War losses

20 million people died
only 1% of those lost their lives in Europe, the other 99% died on battlefields of developing nations

Leader of the Labor Movement

Eugene V. Debs

Red Scare

Anti-communist alarm in the USA

1rst Red Scare

1917-1920
Communist ideas or communist language

2nd Red Scare

Began after the WWII and lasted until the 1950's
Loyalty to the US government

McCarthyism

practice of publicity accusing government employees of political disloyalty or subversive activities and using unsavory investigatory methods to prosecute them

McCarthy ruined lives of innocent people

simply being accused of Communist sympathies was sufficient to damage or end many careers, because those accused could not otherwise argue their innocence

end of McCarthyism

in 1957 the Supreme Court decision in Yates v. US put an end to the smith Act prosecutions

In which year the fall of Berlin happened?

1989

In which year the Dissolution of the Soviet Union happened?

1991

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 military alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

NATO

Warsaw Impact (SU- Eastern Europe

causes of WWII

the impact of the Treaty of Versailles following WWI
the worldwide economic depression
failure of appeasement
the rise of militarism in Germany and Japan
The failure of the League of Nations

WWII Allies Leaders

US - Franklin D Roosevelt
UK- Winston Churchill
Soviet Union- Joseph (Iosif) Stalin

WWII Axis Leaders

Adolf Hitler-Nazi Germany
Benito Mussolini-Italy
Emperor Hirohito and Hideki Tojo-Japan

WWII Allies

USA, UK, Soviet union

WWII Axis Powers

Nazi Germany
Fascist Italy
Imperial Japan

Hitler is appointed German leader

January 30, 1933

Germany invades Poland, inciting Poland's allies, Britain and France, to declare war on Germany

September 1, 1939

Winston Churchill, becomes UK's Prime Minister

May 10, 1940

Germany takes control of much of Western Europe, including France

April 9 to June 22, 1940

Germany, Italy and Japan, sign the Tripartite Pact

September 22, 1940

Japan's naval air force, attacks military bases on Oahu Hawaii
The USS Arizona burns after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

The United States declares war against Japan

December 8, 1941

The United States declares war on Germany and Italy

December 11, 1941

The US Navy defeats the Japanese navy, at the Battle of Middleway

June 4 to June 7, 1942

Italy surrenders to the Allies, but German forces occupy northern Italy

September 8, 1943

Allied forces land on the beaches of Normandy, France making D-Day

June 6, 1944

Allies take control of Paris

August 25, 1944

surrender of Germany was signed in Reims, France

May 7, 1945

Germany surrenders to the Allies, marking V-E Day

May 8, 1945

The US drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

August 6, 1945

The US drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan

August 9, 1945

Japan formally surrender to the Allies, marking V-J Day, although the initial announcement of surrender was made on August 15, 1945
Japanese officials, and Supreme Allies Commander Army General, Douglas MacArthur signed the surrender documents abroad the battleship USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay, Japan

September 2, 1945

End of the WWII and Japan's surrender

September 2, 1945

WWII loss of life

nearly some 100 million people had been militarized, and 50 million had been killed (around 3% of the world's population)

Post WWII Era

by 1947, the US has accumulated 70% of the world's gold reserves

By 1945, exhausted countries faced severe economic problems that frustrated reconstruction efforts:

Inflation
Debt
Trade deficits
Balance of payment deficits
Depleted gold and dollar supplies

Delegates from 44 nations met to discuss the postwar global order and establish a new international monetary system

Bretton Woods Conference
July 1-22 in 1944

Aimed to monitor the movement, to use funds between nations, and to provide loans to countries experiencing economic hardship

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

the United Nations formally came into existence

October 24, 1945

Postwar European Recovery Plan (ERP that pumped over $13 billion into the rebuilding of Western Europe, helping bolster the economic strength and international prominence of the United States in the aftermath of World War II

Marshall Plan

Losses between 1945 and 1989

20 million people died globally. 99% died on battlefields of developing nations

Duration of the Korean War

1950-1953

Korean War losses

nearly 5 million people

US officially entered the Korean War

June 27, 1950

How did the Korean war end?

Armistice
korea divided in 38th parallel line

when the allied forces, were slowly weakening on the WWII battleground, the US started taking over Vietnam

resulting the split of Vietnam in 2 parts in 1950 (North with its own government and South received sponsorship from the US

Money spent by the US in the Vietnam War

from 1965 to 1973 US spent more than $20 billion

How did the Vietnam war end?

by signing the Paris Peace Accords on January 23, 1973

the country was officially unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

July 2, 1976

When the last US military unit left Vietnam

March 29, 1973

a Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop aerospace capabilities

Space Race

Yuri Gagarin

First person in space on April 12, 1961

Valentina Tereshkova

First woman in space

Neil Armstrong

first man to walk on the moon in 1969 via the Apollo 11 flight

Sally Ride

First American woman in space

Ho Chi Minh

Communist president of North Vietnam

Richard Nixon

Us president

1st president Unified Vietnam

Ton Duc Thang

Vietnam War

1955 (Active rol/presence in the war)-1975(Fall of Saigon)
American- Vietnamese War

1973

Peace agreement in Paris ends U.S. involvement in Vietnam

1950

Us military supervisory duties

1976

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963

January 20, 1961

John F. Kennedy, is inaugurated, as 35th president of the United States of America

November 22, 1963

John F. Kennedy, is assassinated in Downtown, Dallas, Texas

March 1, 1961

Temporary Peace Corps created
Kennedy appoints Sargent Shriver to head the organization

May 5, 1961

Alan Shepard Jr. becomes the first American in space.

May 25, 1961

President John F. Kennedy announced the objective of putting a man on the moon by the end of the decade

February 20, 1962

John Glenn aboard the Mercury craft Friendship 7 became the first American to orbit the earth.

July 1969

Neil Armstrong landed on the moon (Kennedy didn't see him)

April 17, 1961

The Bay of Pigs invasion by 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exiles fails.

Bay of Pigs

Their mission was to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro by inciting revolt among the Cuban people. Funded and supplied by the United States, this invasion ended in absolute failure with some of the exiles killed and many captured by Castro's army.