Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from the lecture on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, including metabolic pathways, enzymes, and regulations involved in glucose metabolism.

Glycolysis

The sequence of reactions that metabolizes one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with a net production of two ATP.

Gluconeogenesis

The process by which metabolic products are salvaged to synthesize glucose.

Hexokinase

An enzyme that uses ATP to phosphorylate glucose to glucose 6-phosphate.

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

An allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, setting the pace of glycolysis.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in cells, produced during glycolysis.

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

An electron carrier that is reduced to NADH during glycolysis.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

The conversion of glucose to lactate in anaerobic conditions, occurring in muscle and certain microorganisms.

Ethanol Fermentation

The conversion of glucose into ethanol in anaerobic conditions, occurring in yeast and used in brewing.

Pyruvate Kinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, producing ATP in glycolysis.

Allosteric Regulation

Regulation of enzyme activity by binding of molecules at sites other than the active site, affecting enzyme function.

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

An important regulator that activates phosphofructokinase and stimulates glycolysis in the liver.

Glucose Transporters (GLUT1 to GLUT5)

Proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across cell membranes.

Pyruvate Decarboxylase

An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate in ethanol fermentation.

Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI)

An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Oxaloacetate

A four-carbon intermediate in the citric acid cycle that is formed from pyruvate during gluconeogenesis.

Cori Cycle

A metabolic pathway that links the conversion of lactate in muscles to glucose in the liver.

Glycerol Kinase

An enzyme that phosphorylates glycerol to form glycerol phosphate, an intermediate in gluconeogenesis.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis.

Glycogen Phosphorylase

An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.

Glycolytic Pathway

The series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate.

ATP Yield from Glycolysis

The net production of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule during glycolysis.