Life Science Unit 1

biosphere

global ecological system integrating all living organisms and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

biology

study of living things

organism

any living thing

characteristics living things have in common

metabolize, grow and develop, have cells with DNA, adapt and respond, reproduce, have complexity, and are organized hierarchically

metabolism

set of life sustaining chemical reactions in organisms

3 main purposes of metabolism

convert food to energy, convert food/fuel into building blocks, elimination of nitrogenous wastes

anabolic

help get bigger

catabolic

breaks down

catabolic reaction example

cellular respiration

anabolic reaction example

photosynthesis

autotrophic

produce their own glucose

heterotrophic

can’t produce own glucose and must get it from another source

grow

add more cells

develop

change form

spontaneous generation

life from non living matter

aristotle

said that frogs can generate from the mud without reproduction or any other frogs

pasteur

supported biogenesis and debunked spontaneous generation

biogenesis

life comes from life

cell theory

all organisms are made of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells

schwann, schleiden, virchow

supported cell theory

watson and crick

discovered the double helix

rosalind franklin

who the double helix discovery’s work was based on

the hierarchy

subatomic particles, atom, molecule, organelle, cell/unicellular organism, tissue, organ, system, multicellular organism, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, biospheres

organic

carbon and hydrogen based

3 leasing factors associated with premature death

lack of exercise, obesity, smoking

second leading cause of cancer

obesity

dna

a and t, c and g, double stranded

rna

single strand, has U, 3 types

nucleic acids

code hereditary information for making proteins

requirements of genetic material

ability to carry precise code for traits, mechanism for exact duplication to pass from information generation to generation, mechanism to control cellular activities

DNA

maintains the genetic information – instructions for making the cell (code of life)

RNA

messenger that carries the information to the ribosomes, protein making machines

proteins

functional molecules that carry out many of the life processes of the cell

nucleotides

chains of building blocks that make up large molecules called nucleic acids

what each nucleotide contains

sugar, phosphate, one of 4 nitrogenous bases

sugar and phosphate

form the backbone of a single nucleotide

a nitrogen base

encodes the genetic information

phosphodiester bonds

how individual nucleotides are chemically linked between the phosphates and the sugars

weak hydrogen bonds

bonds between the complementary base pairs

RNA sugar

ribose

DNA sugar

deoxyribose

DNA replication

allows for cells to reproduce and provides identical information to be passed on from cellular generation to generation

helicase

unzips dna into single strands

DNA polymerase

builds new DNA strands

enzymes and proteins

what dna provides information to make

transcription and translation

2 parts of protein synthesis

protein synthesis

both stages involve dna and rna

mRNA

after transcription ____ leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

template

dna strand is used as a ______

codon

3 bases of mRNA

a single amino acid in a protein

what each codon specifies

cytoplasm

where translation takes place

a ribosome

what translation is carried out by (on)

tRNA

has an amino acid on one end and an anticodon on the other

protein

ribosome attaches the amino acids from tRNA to make a _____

mutations

changes in DNA sequence that may lead to changes in proteins

causes of mutations

external factors like radiation or chemicals, or errors by enzymes

enzymes

convert one molecule into another and many working together may form a biochemical pathway

amino acids

monomers of protein

functions of proteins

movement, immune response, transportation, growth/repair, messengers, chemical reactions

fatty acids/glycerol

lipid monomers

functions or lipids

cell membranes, long term energy, insulation

glucose/simple sugar

monomers of carbs

glucose

C6H12O6

functions of carbs

short term energy, fiber

simple carbs

monosaccharides and disaccharides

complex carbs

polysaccharides

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides

maltose, lactose, sucrose

polysaccharides

starches, fibers, glycogen

nucelotide

monomer of nucleic acids

functions of nucleic acids

information to make proteins, responsible for traits

replication

dna to dna, helicase/dna polymerase, occurs only in the cells nucleus

protein synthesis

tRNA/mRNA, transcription/translation

replication and protein synthesis

involved DNA and enzymes

components of a strand of DNA

phosphate group, deoxyribose, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

4 base pairs

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

transcription

process of making mRNA from a DNA template

RNA polymerase lol

enzymes that opens the DNA and adds mRNA nucleotides

RNA polymerase

builds mRNA complementary to DNA template

mRNA

carries the DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm to be translated into proteins

translation

process where genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific chain of amino acids

tRNA

small RNA molecules that act as taxis to carry specific amino acids to the ribosome

anticodons

sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon

amino acids

individual building blocks of protein

peptide bonds

bonds that link amino acids together

protein/polypeptide

specific chain of amino acids