Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology

What are Cyclins?

Proteins found in and around the cells that act as checkpoints for the cell cycle and help prevent cancer.

Describe what happens in the G1 phase?

The phase in which the cell grows and organelles develop.

Describe what happens in the S phase?

The phase where DNA is replicated.

Describe what happens in the G2 phase?

The phase characterized by more growth and preparation for nucleus splitting.

Is interphase part of Mitosis?

Interphase is not part of mitosis; it occurs before mitosis.

What is the function of centrioles?

Organize spindle fibers.

What is the function of spindle fibers?

They pull apart the chromosomes during cell division.

How many sister chromatids does a chromosome have?

2 sister chromatids

If a healthy body cell containing 46 chromosomes undergoes cell division, how chromosomes will the daughter cells have?

46

How does the parent cell compare to the daughter cell after mitosis?

They are genetically identical.

How does the parent cell compare to the daughter cell after meiosis?

They are not identical.

What is the difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis?

Animal cells pinch to divide, while plant cells build a new cell wall through the middle.

What are the two reasons why it is important for sexually reproducing organisms to perform meiosis to make gametes?

1. To create haploid cells. 2. To create genetic diversity

What is a gamete?

A reproductive cell.

Does mitosis create diploid or haploid cells?

Diploid

Does meiosis create diploid or haploid cells?

Haploid

How many phases of division does mitosis go through?

1

How many phases of division does meiosis go through?

2

Does crossing over occur in mitosis or meiosis?

meiosis

What is crossing over?

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.

If a cell has 38 chromosomes before meiosis, how many chromosomes would be left after?

19 (half of the amount, it is now a haploid cell)

If a cell has 38 chromosomes before mitosis, how many chromosomes would be left after?

38 (the same amount, it is still a diploid cell)

What is apoptosis?

The process by which the body kills abnormal or unneeded cells to prevent mutations.

What is a malignant tumor?

A harmful tumor that spreads (mal - bad)

What is a benign tumor?

A tumor that is not harmful (ben - good)

What is a carcinogen?

Something that causes cancer.

What are the three main ways of treating cancer?

Surgery, radiation, chemo

What are the three parts of interphase?

G1, S, and G2 (Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2).

Name the six phases of the cell cycle in order:

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

What does a haploid cell mean?

A cell that has half the number of chromosomes

What does a diploid cell mean?

A cell that has the full number of chromosomes.

Describe surgery for cancer:

Removes the cancerous cells from the skin (used for skin cancer)

Describe radiation for cancer:

Uses high energy rays, like X-rays, to kill cancer cells

Describe chemotherapy for cancer:

Uses drugs to kill fast growing cells like cancer cells

What is an allele?

A variant form of a gene located on the chromosome.

What phase does crossing over occur?

Crossing over occurs during Prophase 1