Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology

What are Cyclins?

• Proteins found in and around the cells, they are checkpoints for the cell cycle and they prevent cancer

Describe what happens in the G1 phase?

• Cell grows and organelles develope

Describe what happens in the S phase?

• DNA is replicated

Describe what happens in the G2 phase?

• More growth and preparation for nucleus splitting

Is interphase part of Mitosis?

• No, interphase is before mitosis 

What is the function of centrioles?

• Organize spindle fibers

What is the function of spindle fibers?

• Pulling apart the chromosomes

How many sister chromatids does an X-shaped chromosome have?

• 2

If a healthy body cell containing 46 chromosomes undergoes cell division, how chromosomes will the daughter cells have?

• 46

How does the parent cell compare to the daughter cell after mitosis?

• Genetically identical 

How does the parent cell compare to the daughter cell after meiosis?

• Not identical 

What is the difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis?

• Animal cells pinch to divide and plant cells build a new cell wall through the middle

What are the two reasons why it is important for sexually reproducing organisms to perform meiosis to make gametes? 

• 1. Has to create haploid cells   2. Has to create genetic diversity 

What is a gamete?

• A reproductive cell 

Is mitosis diploid or haploid?

• Diploid

Is meiosis diploid or haploid?

• Haploid 

How many phases of division does mitosis go through?

• 1

How many phases of division does meiosis go through?

• 2

Does crossing over occur in mitosis or meiosis?

• Meiosis 

What is crossing over?

• Exchanging genetic material between non-sister chromatids

If a cat cell has 38 chromosomes before meiosis, how many chromosomes would be left after?

• 19 (half of the amount, it is now a haploid cell)

If a cat cell has 38 chromosomes before mitosis, how many chromosomes would be left after?

• 38 (the same amount, it is still a diploid cell)

What is apoptosis? 

• Your body kills abnormal or unneeded cells so that they don't cause mutations 

What is a malignant tumor?

• A tumor that spreads, it is harmful (mal - bad)

What is a benign tumor?

• Not harmful (ben - good)

What is a carcinogen?

• Something that causes cancer

What are the three main ways of treating cancer?

• Surgery, radiation, chemo 

What are the three parts of interphase?

• G1, S, G2 - (Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2)

Name the six phases of the cell cycle in order:

• Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis 

What does a haploid cell mean?

• Has half the number of chromosomes

What does a diploid cell mean?

• Has the full number of chromosomes 

Describe surgery for cancer:

• Removes the cancerous cells from the skin (used for skin cancer)

Describe radiation for cancer:

• Uses high energy rays, like X-rays, to kill cancer cells

Describe chemotherapy for cancer:

• Uses drugs to kill fast growing cells like cancer cells

What is an allele?

• A variant form of a gene located on the chromosome

What phase does crossing over happen?

• Prophase 1