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Anatomy Ch. 11-12
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1
Sensory Input
Detects changes in the environment, such as touching a hot stove.
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2
Integration
Processes and interprets sensory input, like recognizing heat as dangerous.
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3
Motor Output
Responds by activating muscles or glands, exemplified by pulling the hand away.
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4
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Processes information and coordinates responses; consists of the brain and spinal cord.
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5
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Connects the CNS to limbs and organs; includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia.
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6
Sensory (Afferent) Division
Transmits signals to the CNS.
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7
Motor (Efferent) Division
Sends responses from the CNS to muscles and glands.
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8
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
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9
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates internal organs involuntarily.
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10
Sympathetic Division
Increases heart rate and dilates pupils for 'fight or flight' response.
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11
Parasympathetic Division
Slows heart rate and stimulates digestion for 'rest and digest' response.
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12
Astrocytes
CNS glial cells providing structural support and regulating the blood-brain barrier.
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13
Microglia
Act as immune cells in the CNS, removing debris and pathogens.
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14
Ependymal Cells
Line brain ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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15
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheaths in the CNS.
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16
Schwann Cells
Produce myelin sheath in the PNS.
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17
Dendrites
Receive signals from other neurons.
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18
Cell Body (Soma)
Contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron.
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19
Axon
Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.
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20
Axon Terminals
Release neurotransmitters to signal other neurons or muscles.
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21
Myelin Sheath
Insulates axons and speeds up electrical impulses.
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22
Resting Potential
The stable, negative charge of a neuron at -70mV maintained by the Na⁺/K⁺ pump.
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23
Depolarization
Process where voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open and Na⁺ rushes in, making the membrane positive.
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24
Repolarization
Closing of Na⁺ channels and opening of K⁺ channels causes K⁺ to rush out, returning to negative potential.
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25
Hyperpolarization
Brief phase where the membrane is more negative than resting potential due to excess K⁺ exiting.
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26
Neurotransmitter Release
Triggered by an action potential reaching the axon terminal, involving Ca²⁺ influx and vesicle release.
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